Promote professional Development Essay

1.1Explain the importance of continually improving knowledge and practice The importance of continually improving my knowledge and working practice is to make sure that I am aware of and adhere to all the current Health and social care standards, legislations and guidelines for good practice in my work place. Professional development refers to the acquisition of skills and knowledge both for personal development and for career enhancement. Improving my personal development benefits not only me, but the company I work for, my staff and the Customers for who I care for. It enables me to keep up to date and change proactively to make sure that the service I offer is relevant and appropriate to care for my customers. The customers must be confident that they can trust the people that they receive the care from and that they know what they are doing and do it well. This should be an ongoing activity which is the â€Å"norm† for a care organisation which will enhance the quality of their work, make staff happier which can only make for positive outcomes for the care service, customers and the staff. As the Care Team Leader of the care service I am responsible for others such as staff, customers, the customers families and visitors etc. so it is imperative that I am knowledgeable in all areas of management to enable me to manage effectively and within the legislations set out by CQC Continuing my professional development has been important for my career and has and will continue to help me progress throughout my chosen career. 1.2Analyse potential barriers to professional development Potential barriers to continuing professional development could be †¢Lack of budget from the organisation – an adequate training budget should be in place and agreed each year to keep up to date with ongoing and new training courses. †¢Lack of supportive staff – staff that are only concerned with earning their wage each month without caring about the knowledge and  training to care for customers properly. †¢No time to train – adequate time needs to be set aside for each staff member so that they understand and are confident it what they are learning and can put it into practice. †¢No encouragement from management/senior staff – Management suggesting and encouraging suitable/mandatory training courses and supporting staff through these. †¢Inadequate regular supervisions – Monthly supervisions to talk privately with staff regarding any help or training requirements is imperative. Staff need to be able to talk openly with management to be able to continue their professional development. It also helps for management to have an open door policy so that staff do not have to wait for the monthly supervision and can continue to improve daily from management experience. These are all Organisational barriers but we can also have personal barriers which prevent professional development. These could be †¢Low self-esteem – If an individual lacks confidence, this can affect how much they are willing to learn †¢Transport issues – If a company are not able to offer in house training or training courses on site and have to go to other training venues it could involve costs that the individual is not willing/able to pay so this needs to be discussed with management. †¢Childcare issues – If a training course is not during normal working hours this could lead to no childcare and can prevent the individual from attending essential training courses, therefore not being able to continue to work. †¢Sick/holiday time – If an individual is unable to attend training due to arranged holidays or unexpected sickness can impair their learning or possible promotion in the work place through lack of qualifications. 1.3compare the use of different sources and systems of support for professional development We all have a world of knowledge and resources. This can be channelled in either a formal and structured approach or by observations. It all depends on the individual’s motivation. Different ways in which professional development can be carried out can be in formal methods such as appraisals and supervisions. I conduct these to assess staffs performances. I look at future goals and identify the needs of the staff member on an individual basis according to the organisations policies and objectives. This will create a plan for them to move forward and identify their training needs to allow them to grow and evolve. This in  turn, in the long run helps not only the individual but the organisation. Shadowing or mentoring is a huge support tool. It is used mostly when employing new members of staff and allows them to see how a more long standing member of staff works. It allows them to pass on their knowledge and expertise and guide them through policies and procedures and allows the new member of staff to find a way in which to work which is in line with these guidelines. The mentor can work with this member of staff throughout their working time; however shadowing/mentoring can be carried out by numerous members of staff on different shifts. This gives the new member of staff different ideas on ways in which to work so that they can find a way of working which is comfortable for them. Within the organisation they can carry out in house training courses to enhance the workers knowledge. This is ongoing throughout the workers time with the organisation. The simplest form of development is the staff communication book. This can be about any aspect of achieving the highest standards in the care setting. All staff have access to this and can share their knowledge of what has worked well throughout the shift to pass over to the next member of staff working. It can also say what has not worked. This can also be expanded upon in regular staff meetings. It can be discussed in depth and at length with everyone having their say. Within our organisation we also have a policy hub in which the carers can access at anytime if they need to read up on something or are unsure of what is expeted of them. Beyond the organisation external agencies can help the company and individuals with professional development. These can include CQC, social services, other health professionals buy offering support and their extensive knowledge. External training agencies can offer free training (NVQ’s) or a more specific training course, which can differ to the in house training an organisation can offer and maybe more beneficial to the employee. They may develop more from a group training session rather than a question and answer knowledge paper. By working alongside all staff members on different shifts it allows me to assess the staff member’s knowledge and experience in an informal way. I can then pass on my knowledge and ability in a practical setting rather than the formal setting of an appraisal/supervision. 1.4Explain factors to consider when selecting opportunities and activities  for keeping knowledge and practice up to date. Prioritising important elements can assist in highlighting what training should be selected. What goals need to be achieved for the customers we have? What training do the staff team want? What training courses are mandatory for a staff team? All these factors need to be considered and then compared to the training budget the organisation has. Cost has to be weighed against what the consequences entail if professional development is not followed through. For example if your customers require lifting/hoisting and the training is missed this could lead to them being left in a very vulnerable position. The management team being up to date on new policies can help them prioritize what training is needed and when. Time is also a consideration. If you have a large staff team it can be difficult to organise training to which they can all attend. This is also true of the place the training is to be held. Is it more advantageous for the training to be held on site rather than all have to travel to a training facility as travelling can create extra cost. We are just going through the process of rearranging all our training to reduce where it being held. Since starting this position the training has been held at different courts within the organisation and can be up to 10 miles away. This has now been reduced so all training is to be held either in house or the next nearest court. I have found this had has a positive effect within my workplace, more carers are turning up to training session and are enquiring about non mandatory training sessions. It may be wise for a manager to look at just sending 1 or 2 members of staff on a course to be trainer trained in several important courses so that they can train other staff in these topics. Although it may be a high cost to start off with it can work out more cost effective in the long run, especially if the organisation has a high turnover of staff. These trainers can then train in house as and when required at times suitable for all staff and at times suited to the rota as to not leave the customers in a vulnerable position due to lack of staff on shift. 2.1 Evaluate own knowledge and performance against standards and benchmarks I have worked in the care sector for 6 years. Before I began my career in care as a support worker I was a stay at home mom. Before choosing my career path I did some research on learning disabilities, autism and challenging behaviour. A lot of this research was done on the internet getting a snap shot of how to care for the service  users. When I began work I started by doing shadowing shifts which involved shadowing an established member of staff so that I could get to know how things were run and to get to know the service users. On these shifts I also read through my company’s policies and procedures. I was given the opportunity to advance my knowledge by attending training courses provided by the company. I found that I could learn more when the course was as part of a group. Learning the codes of practice ensures that I promote and uphold the privacy, dignity and rights of the clients I care for and that I strive to improve the quality of healthcare, care and support through continuing professional development. I achieve this within my job role by ensuring that the customers and their families are informed and included in all aspects of their care planning. The codes of practice state that I am accountable for the quality of my work and take responsibility for maintaining and improving my knowledge and skil ls. This means that if there is a course I could benefit from (which in turn benefits the company) then I should be attending it. By obtaining my NVQ 3 qualification and all in house training courses I was promoted to Senior carer and then between myself and the proprietors we set up a home care business from the care home I was working at and got the position of care coordinator. In this position I have to made sure that my staff and I were up to date on the national standards which are set out by CQC. This means that I had to make sure that there were enough members of staff on shift at all times to keep the service users safe and to meet their needs. That I made sure that all members of staff were trained and had the appropriate knowledge, skills and experience needed to meet their health and welfare needs. To ensure that my staff were well managed and had the correct knowledge, skills and experience through training to meet the service users’ health and welfare needs. If I failed at this then it means that the service I managed would not meet the essential standards set out by CQC which in turn could mean that the service I ran was shut down meaning all employees out of work and vulnerable adults being let down and left in an extremely vulnerable position. I now work as a care team leader which is a similar role but with a larger establishment. 2.2 Prioritise development goals and targets to meet expected standards We have an extensive training programme which covers a range of topics which is ongoing for staff. These include Emergency first aid, food hygiene,  equality, dignity and inclusion, diet and nutrition to name a few. All staff have attend all mandatory courses before they start their shadowing shifts and these are updated as and when required. We also have a lot of non mandatory courses in which the carers attend and can request to atttend. All staff employed (including relief) all have the opportunity to work towards their NVQ level 2, 3 or 5 All employees files have a record of training showing that there is an ongoing programme of development to make sure that they have undertaken training in key areas such as health and safety, person centered approaches, communication and how to safeguard vulnerable people. Training is monitored to make sure it is kept up to date. Specialist training is completed as and when necessary. I also have a training tracker which enables me to see at a glance who is due for training. 3.1 Select learning opportunities to meet development objectives and reflect personal learning style As well as training that is delivered by someone we also have workbooks. These are questions on a specific topic. This is a very specific style which does not suit everyone but due to training budget this is a very cost efficient way to train a staff team on all key essential training standards. It is also used as a refresher if I notice a carers standards are slipping. I am a mix between a visual learner and auditory learner, I like to see pictures or watch DVD’s and visualising an outcome and also like to learn as a group so that I can discuss the topic and to ask questions as and when I need. This involves the use of seen or observed things including pictures, demonstrations and hand-outs. This is why external agencies coming in or me attending training courses is far more beneficial for me than sitting on my own and learning from a book or doing knowledge papers. 3.2 Produce a plan for own professional development, using an appropriate source of support I start my personal development plan by taken a self evaluation, focusing on my strengths as follows: Motivated person Eager to learn new skills Team builder Interested in the care sector Caring I then decide on my goals in my job and where I want to be or what I want to achieve in my job: Now I am a Care Team Leader I want to fully read up on all the essential standards set out by CQC. As I am still fairly new to this post I want to learn everything I can about this job and everything around this. This can not only benefit me but my staff, customers and the business. Keep up to date with the ongoing training. Book my staff any additional/relevant training courses as and when they require them. I then set my goals/plan out. Part of my development as a Care Team Leader is also gaining my level 5 qualification. This expands on my NVQ level 3 and can only benefit me and the business in the long term. What is my goal? What do I need to do? What resources do I need? Who can help me? What is my timescale? Read up and understand all essential standards set out by CQCRead ‘guidance of compliance – Essential standards of quality and safety’ Sign up for email alerts to keep up to date on any changes Download and print out a copy of the booklet. (not only for myself but for staff also) Keep up to date on all training that is available for me Make sure training is completed on time Keep up to date on all policies and procedures set out by the business Complete my level 5 qualification by August 2015 Keep up to date on completing my units Gain more knowledge and experience Become a NVQ assesor. Goals will be added to the development plan as and when 3.3 Establish a process to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan I will evaluate and amend my professional development plan regularly using the SMART technique which is outlined as followed †¢Specific – target a specific area for improvement †¢Measurable – quantify or at least suggest an indicator of progress †¢Assignable – specify who will do it  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Realistic – state what results can realistically be achieved, given available resource’s †¢Time-related – specify when the results can be achieved By doing this I will be able to identify any problems or obstacles which may delay my progress and find ways in which to find the time to get back on track or find alternative ways if I am having trouble achieving them in my current way. At my regular supervisions my PDP will be discussed with my manager and the plan can be added to at any time with suggestions from them and additional ideas from myself. With regular meetings I can see how much I have achieved which will make me strive to achieve so much more but can also identify if the time allocated to a goal is in fact achievable and if not amend the time scale. This is not seen as a failure if not completed when originally said but just adjusting the reality. By completing my level 5 qualification I am setting myself a specific target and my knowledge of the care sector will only expand as I complete each unit. Perhaps learning something I would not of been aware of or looking at a topic in far more depth than I would of done before. I will have outside support from my assessor who will also review if I am setting myself the realistic targets taking into account my day to day role as Care Team Leader and also my personal/family life. 4.1 Compare models of reflective practice Reflective practice is â€Å"the capacity to reflect on action so as to engage in a process of continuous learning†, which some believe is wrong .[1] According to one definition it involves â€Å"paying critical attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively. This leads to developmental insight†.[2] Edgar schon an influential writer on reflection, described reflection in two main ways: reflection in action and reflection on action. Reflection on action is looking back after the event whist reflection in action is happening during the event. I have explored these terms and have found the following: Reflection in action means â€Å"To think about what one is doing whilst one is doing it; it is typically stimulated by surprise, by something which puzzled the practitioner concerned† (Greenwood 1983) Reflection in action allows the person to redesign what they are doing whilst they are doing it. This approach can be used to improve practice by supporting individuals to question their routine work as they carry it out. They may measure their behaviour against their values and values of the organisation to ensure that these are consistent or to try a new approach to an activity and evaluate its success Reflection on action means â€Å"The retrospective contemplation of practice undertaken in order to uncover the knowledge used in practical situations, by analysing and interpreting the information recalled† (Fitzgerald 1994) I can see with reflection on action that it involves turning information into knowledge, by conducting a cognitive post mortem. This approach allows the worker to look at a specific incident, write a report about it and analyse what happened so they can see what additional knowledge or practical support would have been needed to prevent or give the incident a different outcome. It allows the person to establish what they can do to be better prepared when faced with a similar experience in the future, as well as providing an opportunity to identify shortcomings in knowledge or skills which can be rectified by themselves or passed onto management to provide specific training to that individual or as a team. Graham Gibbs discussed the use of structured debriefing. He presented the stages of structured debriefing as follows after the initial experience: Description – What happened? Feelings – What were your reactions and feelings? Evaluation – What was good or bad about the experience? Analysis – What sense can you make of the situation? Conclusion (general) – What can be concluded, in a general sense, from these experiences and the analyses you have undertaken? Conclusion (Specific) – What can be concluded about your own specific, unique, personal situation or way of working? Personal action plans – What are you going to do differently in this type of situation next time? What steps are you going to take on the basis of what you have learnt? 4.2 Explain the importance of reflective practice to improve performance Reflective practice can be an important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where individuals learning from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal teaching or knowledge transfer, may be the most important source of personal professional development and improvement. Further, it is also an important way to be able to bring together theory and practice; through reflection you are able to see and label schools of thought and theory within the context of your work. Reflective practice is important for my growth, to self-evaluate my working practice and so that I can recognise my weaknesses and strengths. Reflective practice enables me to learn from real events and to learn from any mistakes I may have made to help me improve in the future. This can only help in my professional development throughout my career. 4.3 Use reflective practice and feedback from others to improve performance I use reflective practice on a regular basis in my job role. This comes in many different ways. For example; †¢From my staff – they have a very good working knowledge of the care sector and often make suggestions on how things can work better with ways in which we look after our service users. Suggestions on what did not work for them and how we can help make their lives more fulfilled †¢CQC – They visit our establishment for their checks and they can advise how we can improve our service. Not because we are necessarily doing something wrong but because they can advise on a better way. †¢From customers family and friends – These are the people that know the customers the best and although we as an organisation may do things one way they can advise that this may work a different way for their loved ones. I need to learn to use my reflective practice to adapt and learn new ways. Some of the outcomes in using reflective practice may include making changes to my personal opinions or attitudes, undertaking further training to learn new ways of working or to understand a topic better, listening and seeking advice and help form external sources, colleagues etc, also learning from my own mistakes. 4.4 Evaluate how practice has been improved through: †¢Reflection on best practice †¢Reflection on failures and mistakes Reflection on best practice Reflection on best practice helps me think about my own efforts and successes or achievements. Reflection is a critical thinking strategy in which i review and analyse my work, making connections between what I have learnt and my efforts. If I find something that works better than it did before I can then pass it on to the staff also vice versa. Reflection on failures and mistakes Stating what the failure/mistake was, writing an account of why things went wrong, how it could be avoided, who was at fault can only mean that this will not happen again in the future. It will high light how the incident has changed working practices so that this knowledge can be passed on to other staff members and can be improved upon.

The Lost Thing Few Techniques

-The shape of the lost thing juxtaposes society in terms of colour and size. It is therefore ignored because of this fact (I found this post helpful http://community. boredofstudies. org/†¦ d. php? t=284556 , http://community. boredofstudies. org/†¦ d. php? t=205746) – Each individual is independent but together, they are seen as a group and belonging. which is ironic in a way? – When the lost thing was returned to the place, each of those characters was different and also the buildings inside were round compared to the human's ‘world'. There is also a sense of belonging but in what way?I can't seem to find the right word for it. – The protagonist is also seen as belonging when in the end, the frame zooms out showing that his tram is identical to the many others around it. IMG_20121113_185738. jpg – This picture shows how the society is identical and therefore they belong together IMG_20121113_185818 (1). jpg – This shows the duo goi ng against the crowd which shows not belonging and individualism. Also the crows is seen as belonging because they look the same and are walking towards the same direction IMG_20121113_185802 (1). pg So can anyone tell me if I am going on the right path in terms of finding the concepts of belonging in this text? and also what are the basis for concepts of belonging? Is it acceptance, understanding, relationships and identity? what else are there? Yes, you're on the right path, never read the picturebook but have seen the short film. The factors you have mentioned are important to belonging, but in respect to the Lost Thing I remember his isolation from family, also conformity is a big thing in it.In the picture book is there the scene where they go to the big dark place to find the lost thing's place? The tall, leering authoritarian figure is definitely something that stuck in my mind. I think the part at the end asserts that to have meaningful engagement of others, you have to have self acceptance and acceptance of others differences. It is exploring that to belong you don't have to be completely the same. The ones you have picked out are great, particularly the two protagonists visually going against the crowd.

Script For Presentation

Script for presentation Introduce yourself and say what you are going to talk about How long the presentation will last and when questions can be asked Why this product? The new product I have designed for Catbird is called Caramel Bites. The reason have decided to create this product is because†¦ The results to my questionnaire showed that most people prefer Caramel as their chocolate filling which means that they are most likely going to buy the product.They also preferred milk chocolate over white or dark which is why the product is milk chocolate, this way the product is most likely going to make more sales if t is up to the customers liking. Most people preferred not to have more than one filling. They preferred just caramel Packaging Bite size, in a packet- people preferred them in a packet because they can be eaten bit by bit and last longer.Branding- It will be branded by Catbird as a confectionery snack Competitors Competitors are Galaxy and Mars. The reason for this is †¦ Galaxy have their product Minstrels and Mars and Maltese They are similar because they are both bite sized and in a small packet The product itself is different because they are a bite sized caramel snack which no other product has. Pricing app a packet Reasons for this price because.. Competitive price with similar products. E. G.Maltese Special offers- 2 for a pound which would introduce customers to the product Evidence of primary and secondary research primary- Questionnaires, asking people what they prefer Secondary- collecting data from the internet to see where the product fits in with its competitors in terms of Price and Brand. How does the price link to the target market? Target market is used to paying this price- it is the expected price place Where will the product be available? College shops and local stores, because according to my questionnaire..Most people purchase their chocolates from their local stores and shops inside college Primary research- Used when collected the information from my questionnaire. Secondary research- Going on the internet and finding out where my target audience purchases their chocolates from. Distribution channel The distribution channel used will be selling through retailers. (Producer- Retailer- Consumer) Where will the product be located? Front of the store: It is more convenient for new products to be at the front of the store Helps to promote it and they are more likely to catch the customers eye. How it fits the target market?Product is being sold where the target market shops for their chocolates. Promotion Where the product is promoted? Television, Magazines, Radio, Social Network. What sales promotions? Guy 1 get 1 free (BEFOG), Multi buy (3 for a pound). Primary research showed that the target audience will buy products from app-E, so if it was on promotion they would go for the offer. Secondary research is shown in other stores when promotional offers are on, therefore the consumer will buy them. H ow does it fit with target market? If a product is on promotion, e. G. Multi buy, the customer will go for the promotion because it is cheaper.Advertising the product Will be advertised on TV, Magazines, Social Network, Billboards, Transport (Buses) etc. Another form of advertising is word of mouth. When will you advertise? Drive times- morning (when people are driving to work, school etc) Evening- coming home from work. During popular n. † show breaks. Conclusion Product- Caramel Bites in a packet because most people preferred caramel filling and chocolates in packets. Price- app because it makes it competitive with other products that are already on the market. Place- Local store and college shops because this is where the target audience purchases their housecoats.Promotion- Buy 1 get 1 free and multi buys to increase interest in the new product. Why will it succeed? The product has been priced competitively Marketed/promoted properly to the right audience Sold in the most profitable places (local stores and college shops) It tastes good, so people will spread it from word of mouth. How would you grow the products market share? Expand the target audience (make it appropriate for other consumers). Such as- expanding the packaging (treat bag size and fun size) That's the end of my presentation, thank you for listening. If there are any questions please feel free to ask.

Reviseing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reviseing - Essay Example It is imperative that an individual would be able to survive the fight of this life on his own without the companionship of any friends who would share their heart out with him. It is essential that trusted individuals be part of a person’s company in order to enable him to survive this world. God himself promoted the companionship of individuals by befriending the lonely Adam with Eve (Fairchild). Before her arrival Adam was the only man that existed in the world. It was their friendship that led to the prosperity of human race as a whole in the times to come. Friendships could come at stake due to a number of factors. Glick & Rose have mentioned in their work that â€Å"youths with peer relationship problems are at risk for maladjustment. Likewise, social skills deficits could contribute to problems in friendships† (Glick & Rose, p.1117). The statement mentioned above narrates a very strong fact. It emphasizes that socializing is the key to prosperity not only for the personal needs of an individual but also for him to be able to survive in the corporate world out there. Establishment of friendly relations with peers often results in confidence building eventually leading to achievement of success in whatever fields concerned. If a person befriends an individual who does not belong to his native cultural and ethnic background it is very likely that such a happening may result in the broadening of that individual’s perspectives and may become a source of increase in his knowledge. Cross cultural friendships are often a source of an entry into a whole new world. These friendships often develop at the basic levels of elementary school. Studies suggest that cross cultural friendships assist students greatly if they are formed those relationships during middle school (McGlothlin, Edmonds, & Killen, p.424). Moreover, â€Å"Children,

The Origin Of Islam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Origin Of Islam - Term Paper Example But, after the death of Muhammed, Allah’s peace be upon him, every revelation were inscribed by the believers on barks, stones, and the modern times writing paper in the hope of passing the teachings on to the subsequent generations. In 1935, the first English translation was attempted bringing more people into the faith. Body Based on the revelation of Allah, praise and glory is only due to Him, in the Qur’an, Islam as the religion of mankind was first taught by Allah, praise and glory is only due to Him, to Adam and Eve, Allah’s peace upon them, with the following words: â€Å"And if as is sure there comes to you guidance from Me, whosoever follows My guidance, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve† Sii: 38 (Ali, 1935). â€Å"But those who reject Faith and belie Our Signs, they shall be companions of the fire; they shall abide therein† Sii: 39 (Ali, 1935). This marked the beginning of Islam for mankind when men and women were sent down on the surface of the earth. This was after Adam and Eve fell for disobedience. Along the way, generations after generations, not the whole of mankind remembered to pass on the faith to their progenies. Then Abraham, Allah's peace upon him, was born to a family in Ur, Karbala, Iraq. "We gave him Isaac and Jacob: All (three) We guided: and before him, We guided Noah, and among his progeny, David, Solomon, Job, Joseph, Moses, and Aaron: Thus do we reward those who do good: And Zachariya and John, and Jesus and Elias: All in the ranks of the righteous: And Ismail and Elisha, and Jonas and Lot; and to all we gave favour above the nations" Sii: 84-86 (Ali, 1935). At about the age of maturity, after a long search for whom to worship, Abraham, Allah's peace upon him, received a revelation from Allah, glory to Him: "And who turns away from the religion of Abraham but such as debase their souls with folly Him We chose and rendered pure in this world: and he will be in the hereafter in the ranks of the righteous" Sii: 130 (Ali, 1935). "Behold! His Lord said to him: 'Bow (thy will to me):' He said: I bow (my will) to the Lord and Cherisher of the Universe" Sii: 131(Ali, 1935). "And this was the legacy that Abraham left to his sons, and so did Jacob; 'Oh my sons! God hath chosen the faith for you; then die not except in the Faith of Islam" Sii: 132 (Ali, 1935). The above quotations are the faithful English translation in 1935 of the Arabic Qur'an. The Arabic version was revealed during the time when people were left groping in the dark after about 500 years when Jesus the son of Mary left earth. This exact revelation marked the reappearance of Islam. This was revealed to the prophet Muhammed s.a.w. in 500 A.D.Subsequently, the following revelations confirmed Abraham's leadership of Islam as the religion reappeared guided by Allah s.w.a.: "He said: 'I will make thee an Imam to the nations.' He pleaded: 'And also (Imams) from my offspring!' He answered: 'but My promise is not within the reach of evil-doers.' Sii: 124 (Ali, 1935). Conclusion Islam as a religion of Muslims dates back to the time of the prophets Adam and Eve, Allah's peace upon them, which prominently reappeared during Abraham's civilization unto his progeny. Reference Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. 1935. Qur'an. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al Arabia.

LAW OF EVIDENCE examine critically the rules regarding sexual history Essay

LAW OF EVIDENCE examine critically the rules regarding sexual history of the complainant in relation to prosecutions for sexual offence in the light of the cou - Essay Example Although this new definition did improve the old version in that it included marital rape , male rape & anal intercourse previously classified as buggery, it still does not include forced oral sex and penetration by objects which may be no less traumatic than â€Å"connentional rape†. Furthermore, this defintion shows that a woman cannot be guilty of rape. The Scottish Executive (2000) explored this issue in its discussion of the law on sexual history evidence. The report’s authors noted the following commonplace beliefs that are often deployed in legal reasoning and indeed were evident in debates on section 41. (1) ï€  Someone who has had sex with persons A and B is more likely to have sex with person C. (2) ï€  Someone who is ‘sexually promiscuous’ has less right than someone who is not to choose who they have sex with. (3) ï€  Someone who is ‘sexually promiscuous’ is generally less trustworthy, and therefore less likely to be telling the truth. (4) ï€  Women had a tendency to ‘lead men on’ and are therefore to blame if men fail to resist their physical impulses. This is an adaptation of a table that appears in Kelly (2002). (5) ï€  When women say ‘no’ they do not always mean it. (6) ï€  False allegations of rape and sexual assault are more common than fals e allegations of other crimes. The Scottish Executive report concluded that all these statements not only have no foundation in fact, they are also â€Å"both illogical and at odds with any system of morality which places a value on the individual’s right to self-determination† (Scottish Executive, 2000, p.6). It considered that the frequency with which these ideas are â€Å"constantly reiterated† amounts to a form of prejudice that can result in the complainant being treated with a lack of respect and in the worst cases being publicly humiliated. Alongside, and

Civil War between 1848 to 1861 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Civil War between 1848 to 1861 - Essay Example The American civil war erupted in 1861, following the election of Abraham Lincoln; a republican who opposed slavery. There are major events, which took place between 1848 and 1861 leading to the war. One of the major events is the end of the Mexican war in 1848, which meant that America was to surrender the western territories. As a result, new territories became states and the congress passed the â€Å"Compromise of 1850† that made California free to decide whether it would allow slavery or not (Boritt, 1996 p9) Another factor that triggered the civil war was the passing of the fugitive slave act in 1850 to strengthen the compromises act. Under this act, a federal official who failed to arresta runaway slave was liable to fine. Many abolitionists criticized this act and they increased their efforts to fight against slavery.A book entitled Uncle Tom’s cabin, authored by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 is triggered the civil war. The book portrayed the evils of slavery and it changed the perception of northerners on the issue of slavery(McPherson, 1988 p11). The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854 was one of the issues that led to the civil war. This act gave Kansas and Nebraska the mandate to decide to continue with slavery or end it. As a result, there was violence in Kansas as the people who were opposed to slavery and the ones supporting it fought to control the state. This violence influenced the civil war to come. The Lecompton Constitution created in 1857 also caused the civil war. The constitution allowed Kansas to be free from slavery as most of the voters from the stated rejected it(Ray, 1990 p7). John Brown, an abolitionist together with seventeen others who included five black Americans, raided the Harper Ferry on October 1859. Their plan was to seize weapons and start an uprising against slavery. Unfortunately, they were

Contemporary Issues In World Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary Issues In World Politics - Essay Example On the other hand, importing leads to the development of dependency of the receiving nation on foreign countries. It also leads to a reduction in national reserves thereby contributing to inflation. Moreover, local businesses as well as the labor market are threatened. On the other hand, the importing nation may experience security concerns especially with regards to high tech military hardware. These are addressed through ensuring that the imports are sourced from a trusted source to guarantee security. The decision to import or export is an economic development that influences the political interest of a nation state (Oatley, 2011). Nations react to influences that may have an impact on the military and economic strengths through export controls. A nation may resort to control its exports despite having the capacity to maintain an excessive export surplus over imports. Maintaining high export surplus may be interpreted by the recipient nation states as an aggressive policy that may have an impact on economic and military security hence the need to establish defensive mechanism for the purpose of safeguarding the security interests of the targeted nation for export. Trade affairs between nation states are therefore viewed cautiously in a political perspective (Sachs, 2006). Permission for imports from particular nations and not others is one of the tools that are applied in the establishment of the foreign policy of many nation states. It is applied to persuade governments to adhere to certain agreements that are meant to protect the interests of other nation states. For example, trade embargos have been enforced on countries such as Iraq by the US during the Saddam... This pressure is meant to protect the political and economic interests of the US that have often been threatened by global terrorism. The European Union countries also engaged in an economic agreement of adopting the Euro as their single currency, which would help to maintain economic stability. The treaty was politicized by the fact that its main aim was to bind the Cold War Alliance partners EU. For example, the agreement would prevent Germany from realigning itself with East and Central Europe. Generally, as Oatley observes, economic agreements generate political responsibilities that are prone to political exploitation. The global political economy is manifest through international trade and international relations. Exports increase the economic well being of the exporting country but a high export surplus may be viewed by other nation states as an aggressive policy that may not promote friendly international relations. Treaties such as NAFTA, WTO, and COMESA have been significan t in promoting international trade. Regional alliances among nation states present various economic and political challenges including a decline in democratic space. Nations that get financial assistance from these organizations are compelled to pass laws that serve the economic and political interest of the dominant economies that are involved in the management of the institutions. Generally, recourse to the global political economy is important in understanding world politics as presented in this paper.

How to Improve College Education in the United States Essay

How to Improve College Education in the United States - Essay Example This essay stresses that the importance of education is that it plays a major role in determining the future of the concerned individuals. At times, it seems to widen the gap between the high and low income families with regard to the level of education that is present. Placing hopes on education simply means that only those who are educated prosper in life. Needless to mention, that the gap between the rich and the poor widen with the presence of education. In reference to this, it is important that the United States assesses student learning in higher education institutions. Assessment basically entails educational improvement where ideas are enacted on the type of learning that has more value to students and aim at assisting in its achievement. The values should incorporate both, what we choose to assess and how we do it. This paper makes a conclusion that the United States should ensure their colleges and universities regain back their glory as some of the best universities worldwide. This could be done through ensuring that the level of education is taken to a notch higher and more complex cognitive skills are taught to prepare graduated to a working experienced world. The college and universities should not be highly taxed especially for foreign students as this discourages them from joining the institutions. Through this, there will be a grantee of an improvement in the college education in the United States.

How influential is the United Nation to protect and implement the Dissertation

How influential is the United Nation to protect and implement the death penalty in regards to human rights - Dissertation Example Moreover, the nations aimed to achieve better standards of living, human rights and social progress. The UN has a unique international nature and it can intervene in a wide range of issues. It also provides a forum for its Member States to voice their opinion. This is facilitated by the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the other committees and bodies.1 Moreover, the influence of the UN is felt all over the world. The UN performs humanitarian assistance, conflict prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding. In addition, the UN and its system affect the world and tend to improve it. A large number of issues are dealt with by the UN. Some of these include, environment and refugee protection, sustainable development, disaster relief, counter terrorism, gender equality, human rights, governance, improving food production and the promotion of democracy. 2 In addition, the international human rights and humanitarian law clearly prohibit torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading trea tment or punishment. This prohibition applies to all the states and is independent of their treaty obligations. Several of the international and regional treaties have clearly included this prohibition. The regional systems and the UN have declared that some features of the death penalty cannot be permitted. These aspects have been considered to be cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment. 3 Some examples are the manner in which death row inmates are kept in their cells; the torment of being under the never ending threat of execution; and the confidential nature of the imposition of the death penalty. These factors have a tremendous effect upon the condemned person and his family. As a result, the UN Human Rights Committee addressed the states with the death penalty. It asked them to improve the conditions of detention of the individuals on death row.4 Such improvements had to comply with the requirements specified in the International Convention on Civil and Political R ights (ICCPR). Furthermore, the UN Human Rights Committee had declared unwarranted delay in informing a convicted person of a stay in execution, as an instance of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. Moreover, the UN Human Rights Committee has made a recommendation. This suggests that the condemned and their families are to be informed reasonably and sufficiently in advance regarding the date and time of the execution.5 Such advance notice, would provide them with sufficient time to prepare for the occurrence. In this regard, the important organs of the United Nations and their functions are described below. Functioning of the UN The principal bodies of the UN are the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and Secretariat. Among these the Security Council is responsible for international peace and security. Consequently, the Security Council may conduct a meeting, whenever a threat to international peac e and security is perceived.6 These six bodies do not have the same

The Metamorphosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Metamorphosis - Essay Example He is motivated by his need to fit into the role of being a family man. However, once Gregor is inexplicably transformed into an Ungeziefer— which is roughly equivalent to â€Å"vermin†Ã¢â‚¬â€ he is no longer capable of taking care of his family in a traditional capacity. Instead, he is relegated to being a blind, wilting creature. All of his energy goes towards looking out the window, even as his vision and perception deteriorate. He devolves from desiring to care for his family and retain his job to desiring nothing more than to delude himself into believing that his sister is playing the violin for him. He scurries out into their midst, no longer conscious as his familys need for him to remain hidden. He confronts his mother with his shriveled form and terrifies their lodgers with his uncleanliness. Ultimately, Gergors nature as a man is completely destroyed. As his family —however horrid they might be— points out, â€Å"If [this creature] were Gregor he would have seen long ago that its not possible for human beings to live with an animal like that and he would have gone of his own free will.† Gregor has lost his ability to place his family above himself, but he still retains his ability to feel affection as evidenced by the â€Å"emotion and love† he holds for his family. The obligation that he held as a traveling salesman, however, has long since faded away, taking with it the satisfactions and desires that mark him as

Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior Essay An effective organization or agency exhibits behavior conducive to a healthy workplace. The employees are motivated, satisfied, good communicators, and team-oriented. These elements help to promote a successful organization. Missing elements could disband an agency or create a hostile environment. Specific fundamentals can develop skills necessary to improve individual and organizational practices. Scientific foundations of organizational behavior suggest that individual attitudes, group dynamics, and relationships between managers and workers are an important focus (Schermerhorn, 2010). A positive attitude can have many benefits: less stress, self control, better relationships, and job security. A positive attitude can influence others and help build strong working relationships. This also affects job performance and assures the organization that its employees are satisfied. The goal of organizational behavior is to improve the performance of people, groups, organizations, and improve the quality of life (Schermerhorn, 2010). Motivation is an element that can be a driving force to an organization or the individuals involved. An employee’s sole motivation is personal or job development or financial purposes. The solution is to identify the factor that motivates an employee to attend work every day as scheduled and performs to the best of his or her abilities. These individuals set and achieve goals consistently and with persistence. This type of determination benefits the agency and the individual’s reputation. High employee performance relies on effective communication, creativity, and respect. Managers must be able to communicate with employees without fear. The mutual respect allows employees to provide feedback and actively respond. This permits an equal contribution within the team. The employee dynamic is the way in which coworkers interact with one another and their managers. Managers can assess the behavioral and organizational status of their workplace by asking employees to approach them when a problem arises  (Marquis, n.d.). Management practices must be tailored to fit the exact nature of each situation or individual. Managers must be able to understand the challenges and demands for different situations and craft responses to them that best fit circumstances or people involved (Schermerhorn, 2010). This makes the agency resilient and adaptable to various situations. Diversity in an organization is essential to recognize differences based on gender, race, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and only considering the performance of the individual. A diverse set of skills allows the agency to assist customers on a global scale. Successful organizations foster an attitude of openness and encourage new ideas and challenges. This is especially important in criminal justice and security organizations in which diversity is evident in communities. Employees will be introduced to a variety of cultures and diverse situations in which they will have to know how to correspond. Diversity in justice and security agencies promotes equal treatment under law. This protects the agency from over representing a specific racial group or other population from the streets to the court. Diversity is an element that proves effective internally and externally of any organization. No employee will be the same; personalities, social traits, and values will differ. It is the way the agency manages these situations that sets them apart. Ultimately, employee commitment defines the agency. Employee performance is directly related to his or her commitment to the jobs and the agency. Employees are representatives of the agency mission statement. The employee’s performance is motivated by passion or reward. The agency must reinforce positive behavior that demonstrates commitment. Employees exchange his or her commitment to performance to the organizations commitment of reward. The reward can be promotional, pay grade increase, material, or other form of recognition. Some employees are high performers because they love their job and are results driven. In every organization is a natural or appointed leader. The leader must be able to influence others to perform the organizations expectations and beyond. A formal leader is responsible for his or her results through talent management. Any agency is only as good as its employees; it is the duty of the leader to level set those expectations and lead through example. A leader is confident in his ability to encourage his staff to produce positive outcomes. The leader is concerned with task objectives, ethical, and well adjusted. Leaders in a criminal justice or security agency have many strong individuals to lead. Each of them is carefully selected and most of them will be leaders in his or her right. They are of good moral and ethical character, intelligent, professional, and influential. These individuals are representing a government agency working to accomplish a shared objective. These elements are crucial to the success of the organization and its members. References Marquis, A. (n.d.). Key Elements for Effective Behavior and Organizational Management. Retrieved November 19, 2012 from http://smallbusiness.chrone.com/key-elements-effective-behavior-organizational-management-43874.html Schermerhorn, R., Hunt, J.G., Osborn, R.N., Uhl-Blen, M. (2010). Organizational Behavior (7th ed.) Hoboken, NJ: JohnWiley Sons.

Work-related stress amongst employees

Work-related stress amongst employees In the main, business managers are failing to deal with the problem of work-related stress amongst employees. Work-related stress is a common problem of modern lifestyle which has spread all over the world and touched almost all vocations (Life, nd, p.1). Job stress is a chronic disease caused by condition in the workplace that negatively affects an individuals performance and/or overall well-being of his body and mind (Life, nd, p.1). Sources of work-related stress include high demand of performance, family pressure, poor interpersonal relationships and career concerns. The consequence of the stress will lead to less self-confidence, worse performance and even suicide. As the stress which detrimental to peoples health has become more and more severely, how to cope with the situation is attracting increasing peoples attention. This essay focuses on problems of athletes stress and submits some solutions to the problems for sports managers. The natures of the stress can be split into two parts: physical symptoms and behavioral symptoms (speaking book, 2008). The physical symptoms include: tiredness, nausea, headaches, muscle tension, nervous twitches and altered sleep patterns. Aggression, anxiety, poor decision-making, inability to prioritize, mood changes, difficulty in concentrating, feelings of failure and isolation are belonging to behavioral symptoms (speaking book, 2008, p.95). All of these symptoms can reflect the athletes work-related stress. The causes of the athletes job stress are intricate and complex. They can be mostly divided into 4 parts-environmental issues, personal issues, leadership issues and team issues respectively. Firstly, environmental issues, which include selection, finance, and training environment, is a factor that contributes to the stress (Tim Lew, 2001). Selection is consisted of late selection, a lengthy selection process and unfair selection system. Some athletes illustrate that they feel nervous and tense if they do not know whether they will be chosen for competition. They fear that they will not have enough time to prepare the competition which lead to the stress. And some unfair selection also causes the stress of athletes as they can not obtain the chance of equal competition (Tim Lew, 2001). Finances play an important role in stress. It includes not having enough funding money and differential financial support. Athletes spend most of time on training so that they do not have extra time for earning money. Therefore, they have to obtain the funding from sport organization, sponsorship or family. If the financial support is not enough or is poorly managed, athletes will feel depressive and anxiety (Tim Lew, 2001). Training environment may be being able to lead to the athletes stress if athletes exist in the two opposite environments at the same time. The incompatible environment will make athletes feel uncomfortable. The second part which is the most important one is personal issues. Personal issues contain nutrition, career concern, interpersonal relationship, injury and external distractions (Tom, et al 2000; Tim Lew, 2001). Poor provision of food and disorder eating habit will lead to innutrition or obesity which will influence the athletes performance (Tim Lew, 2001). A female athlete says that diet is her worst puzzle, which will lead to stress (Tim Lew, 2001). A study shows that external distractions (23%) and career concern (19%) are the two major causes for stress (Pensgaard, 1998). Roberston Cooper(1983) believe that career stagnation, high expectation from other people and unrealistic goals, which are the main components of career concern, may give rise to stress if athletes fail to achieve the expectation and goals (Tom, et al 2000). At the same time, external influence also brings stress to athletes. The press, media, spectators and family make athletes distract from their work wh ich consequently influence their performance (Pensgaard, 1998). For example, David Beckham, who is a talented football player, fell out with his coach because the coach thought that David paid more attention on entertainment area than on training. Such action had impeded his development of football skill. At that time, David also had to face a big stress from his wife, who was his manager for planning the commercial activities. Poor interpersonal relationships in a team are another factor of stress. There are three important sets of relationships-relationships with sports managers, with coaches and with teammates. Low interpersonal support from sports managers, coaches and teammates will be linked with high anxiety, tension and low performance satisfaction which increase the risk of obtaining pressure (Tom, et al 2000). In addition, injury, which is the worst thing for athletes, often results in pressure. Most of the athletes who get hurt will worry about their career as they fear that they can not get opportunities to go to the competition or they will lag behind because of less training (Tim Lew, 2001). The third part of the cause is leadership issues which focus on the aspect of coach. Coachs differential treatment of athletes, overbearing coach, coach very demanding and coach-athlete tension are the reasons of athletes pressure (Tim Lew, 2001). Coachs attitude influences athletes deeply because he plays a vital role in a team and has the right to decide which athlete will be chosen for competition. Most of athletes fear that they will be ignored by their coach and some athletes feel stress as they can not bear the workload (Tim Lew, 2001). Moreover, coaching style is another cause of athletes stress. Some athletes can not adapt to different coaching styles which may deter their development. The poor performance of an athlete results in a rise of the pressure (Tim Lew, 2001). Team issues, as the last part of the cause, can not be ignored. It main includes: team atmosphere, communication and support (Tim Lew, 2001).Team atmosphere is a main issue which relates to the tension between the athletes. A new team member, injured athletes and separate groups within team may lead to the poor team atmospheres which engender a tense situation in the team. The supports from teammates, coaches and sports managers are the mental underpinning of athletes which make them get rid of the negative mood. Without support, athletes may feel helpless and even stress (Tim Lew, 2001). Persistent stress may result in long term consequences which may alter the way the athletes feel, thinks and behaves, and may also change their physiological function (Stansfeld et al, 1999; SanterMurphy, 1995; Cincirpini et al, 1984; Stainbrak Green, 1983, cited in Tom, et al 2000). Effects of athletes stress may work on individuals and teams respectively. For individuals, effects of stress may include: sleep disturbances, headaches, gastrointestinal upset, cardiovascular disease, anxiety and depression, labile emotions, less of concentration, lack of motivation, substance misuse and poor performance (University of Cambridge, 2008). While for team, consequences of stress may mean low morale, increased athletes complaints, increased accidents, high absenteeism and poor performance which will influence the development of the team (University of Cambridge, 2008). Because of the high dangers of the athletes stress, how to tackle the problem has become the focus of sports managers. There are some solutions can be used to help sports managers cope with the stress of athletes. First of all, sports managers have to take responsibility for athletes diets and ensure athletes maintain good nutrition (Dean, 2007). Secondly, sports managers should prevent athletes from working overload. Therefore, they should give athletes manageable training schedule so that they will not feel too tired. Keep good relationship with athletes and manage the relationship between athletes are both important for sports managers. The supports from teammates, coaches and sports managers are the mental underpinning of athletes which can help them release from stress (Tim Lew, 2001). To athletes, stress is a persistent problem which often influences their performance and life. Although sports managers are trying to deal with the situation and some of them have been taken some solutions, athletes continue to be affected by stress problem (Pensgaard, 1998). The solution taken by sports managers, such as effective time management, health diet and keeping good relationship, are useful at the certain extent. However, some accidents which can not be predicted by sports managers would also result the stress. So, while deal with the existing stress is important, detecting the possible sources of stress for athletes may be is a more effective way to avoid the happening of pressure (Pensgaard, 1998). Bibliography Pensgaard AM, Ursin H. (1998). Stress, control, and coping in elite athletes in Scand J Med Sci Sports Journal Vol. 8 pp183-189 Tim, W. Lew. H. (2001). A case study of Organizational Stress in Elite Sportin APPLIED SPORT PSYCHOLOGY Journal Vol. 13 pp207-238 Tom. C et al. (2000) Research on Work-related Stress. Bilbao: European Agency for Safety and Health at work (see Epi) Life. Stress at work. Joan, M. Sebastian W. (2008) English for Academic Study: Speaking. England: Garnet Publishing Ltd Human Resources Division of Cambridge University. (2008) Effects of Work-Related Stress http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/hr/policy/stress/effects.html> [Accessed on 27/5/2008] Dean H. (2007) Stress and the Athlete http://coachdeanhebert.wordpress.com/2007/12/16/stress-and-the-athlete/> [Access on 16/12/2007]

Argumentative Essay On Drinking Water Shortage Environmental Sciences Essay

Argumentative Essay On Drinking Water Shortage Environmental Sciences Essay Although most of the earths surface is covered with water, water shortage is a serious threat to the survival of humanity at present and in future. There is a water crisis which faces many parts of the world and it is a threat to survival of human beings since humans are primarily dependent on water. Shortage in drinking water is a major problem facing developing countries which have not taken drastic steps to harvest water and purify it to make it safe for human consumption. However, this problem is also being increasingly felt in developed countries where the population growth has strained available water resources and stretched the ability of governments and private firms to provide safe drinking water to the population. There are many conflicts around the world where people have died or have been injured as a result of clashes over a water resource. Most of these conflicts have occurred in Asia and Africa where most developing countries are located (Gleick 17-22). When humans cla sh over resources, this underscores the seriousness of the issue and calls for drastic actions to be taken to solve the problem. Shortage of drinking water is therefore an issue which must be investigated in detail and solutions developed to curb this problem. There are various causes of shortage of drinking water and most of these are attributable to human activities. These include such activities as deforestation and pollution which contribute to global warming, misuse of the water resource and groundwater contamination among others. It is important to develop solutions to this problem if future generations are to survive. This paper aims at analyzing the shortage in drinking water resource, its causes and solutions which should be implemented to solve the problem. The discussed issues will be summarized at the end. Shortage in drinking water It has been discussed that there is shortage of drinking water in various regions across the world. In many developing countries, people do not have access to drinking water due to various reasons. In some cases, water resources have dried up while in others, they are polluted. As a result, there populations especially in Africa face many water-borne diseases mainly due to pollution of water resources. Human activities such as population growth and industrial activities have further strained water resources and caused a shortage of drinking water. As a result, there are many conflicts over pastures or water resources and these lead to injuries or fatalities (Gleick 17-22). As mentioned earlier, this underscores the importance of finding a solution to the problem of shortage of the water resource. In the United States, there is pressure on available water resources since half of water collected is usually used in electricity generation, leaving the population to share the little left. There are already calls for charging water resources in order to increase efficiency of use (CQ Researcher 531-550). Although water protection has been implemented for years, there is still water pollution occurring within the United States. After the Civil war, America strived to provide its population with clean water and its water treatment system was and is still is one of the best globally. However, industrial revolution led to the pollution of water resources, leading to shortage of clean drinking water. Other external factors such as effects of global warming have also put a strain on available water resources. It is important to understand how shortage of drinking water occurs and its causes. These will be discussed in the section below; How human beings contribute to the problem of shortage in drinking water There are various human activities and trends which are primarily responsible for the problem of shortage of drinking water. These activities damage the environment, contaminate water sources or put pressure on water resources leading to a shortage of drinking water. Some of these will be discussed below; Pollution Environmental pollution is one of the major causes of lack of drinking water. Pollution contaminates available water sources, making water available unsafe for human consumption. Pollution also damages the environment and causes adverse effects which result in drying up of water sources (Levy 62-67). There are three major types of pollution which will be discussed in this section and these are water and air pollution as well as contamination of ground water sources. Air pollution occurs through human activities such as burning of fuel, release of harmful gases by industries or products such as vehicles, release of greenhouse gases among others. Air pollution is a major cause of global warming since gases released into the atmosphere allow more heat to be trapped within the earths surface resulting in global warming. Water pollution results from discharging waste into water sources and this is common in developing countries which do not strong laws which deter such forms of pollution. Contamination of ground water sources occurs after the use of certain chemicals including fertilizers which contaminate ground water after use, making such water toxic to humans (Upmanu et. al. 1-17). These forms of pollution reduce the amount of water resource which may be used by humans leading to a shortage in drinking water resources. Increasing population There is a very high population growth rate in many countries across the world. The average world population growth rate is over 1% and some countries especially in Africa and Asia have growth rates of over 2% per annum. A large growth rate puts pressure on available resources and causes a shortage. Human beings depend on water to live and the large population growth rate has put pressure on available water resources. Since water infrastructure and resource has generally remained constant over the years, population growth rate strains the water resource and creates a shortage in drinking water for populations across the world. Global warming Global warming can be attributed to a large proportion of the loss of water resources. It is caused by the emission of certain gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere leading to retention of heat by the earths surface. This raises the average temperatures and causes adverse effects such as heat waves and melting of glaciers. Global warming causes higher evaporation of water resources due to higher temperatures on the earths surface. This results in the decline of availability of fresh water sources. It also leads to the drying up of water resources such as rivers and lakes due to higher temperatures. Global warming should be addressed if humans are to have fresh drinking water in the long run. Use of water for agriculture Agricultural activities are a major part of many countries economies. Many people rely indirectly or directly from agriculture. Agricultural activities heavily rely on water for sustenance. In many countries, fresh water resources are used for irrigation of crops and feeding of animals. The use of freshwater sources for irrigation strains the water resource and creates shortages especially when agriculture is practiced in large scale (Buchanan Horwitz 67-69). In developing countries, areas which have large scale agricultural activities especially in water intensive agricultural activities such as horticulture usually experience water shortages due to the amount of water used in agriculture. It is important that alternative water sources are used for agriculture is there is to be clean drinking water for people across the world. Wastage of water resource Wastage of water is common in nearly all countries due to ignorance on potential benefits of conserving water. There are many ways in which water is wasted and these include letting water run within households when it is not in use, lack of water recycling and lack of water harvesting among other means. When water within households is allowed to run when not in use, it may appear to be a little quantity, but when compared against numerous households, it becomes clear how much water is wasted. When water is also not recycled like for instance purified and used for other sources, this is wastage of the water resource. Poor harvesting of water or lack of water harvesting incentives allows water which would have been put to use to be wasted. This creates a situation where people do not have access to drinking water as is the case in many countries. Solutions There are various solutions which should be implemented to solve the problem of shortage of drinking water. Some of them will be briefly discussed below; Reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere This is one of the most effective solutions needed to conserve the water resource. As has been discussed, one of the greatest threats to the availability of water is global warming. Global warming increases temperatures and encourages evaporation of water resources. Carbon dioxide emission is one of the major causes of global warming. It is therefore essential that emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is reduced. Greenhouses are some of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide and reduction of greenhouse gases will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emitted. The Kyoto Protocol is a global agreement by countries to reduce the amount of greenhouse emissions. More countries should join such agreements and they should develop a global approach in reducing carbon dioxide emissions (Glennon 33-38). Other measures such as planting of trees should be encouraged since trees are important in removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Afforestation and re-afforestation Afforestation and re-afforestation are two effective approaches in conserving the water resource. Afforestation involves planting trees where there were none while re-afforestation involves plating trees which were cut down. The planting of trees is useful in conserving the water resource for two main reasons. The first is that trees use carbon dioxide and give out oxygen thereby purifying the air. Carbon dioxide emission has been discussed as a cause of global warming and depletion of clean drinking water due to high temperatures. Planting of trees reduces the carbon dioxide levels in air and prevents adverse effects of global warming (Solomon 46-52). The second reason is that planting of trees attracts rainfall through the water cycle which involves transpiration. Transpiration by trees allows moisture to evaporate and form clouds which eventually fall down as rainfall. Availability of rainfall increases water resources and ensures that humans have access to clean drinking water. Harvesting of water Harvesting of water is one form of water conservation and it involves collecting waste water and purifying it to make it safe for drinking (The Economist 14-16). Water harvesting should mainly be done when there are heavy rains and water should be directed towards reservoirs where it may be stored and purified for human consumption. This form of water conservation ensures that there is minimal water wastage and that human beings have access to clean drinking water. It also ensures that there is enough water to sustain human activities such as agriculture. Avoiding water wastage It is important for governments and the private sector to educate the public on importance of water conservation and avoidance of water wastage. Avoiding water wastage ensures that the water resource is conserved and that there is enough water to meet all human activities. Water wastage through simple measures, such as letting water run when not in use or using excess water to perform various household functions, is very effective in conserving the water resource if done in large scale. When the public at large is advised about these simple measures, more water will be harvested, purified and stored for consumption by human beings. Legal regulations In order to enforce these solutions, it is important to criminalize any actions which contribute to the depletion of the water resource. Human activities such as deforestation, pollution and contamination of ground water resources should be discouraged through the passage of tough laws which act as deterrent to such actions. Harsh sentences and fines should be imposed on people who are caught polluting or damaging the environment. This will discourage others from committing the same and it will encourage society to preserve various resources including the water resource. Summary and conclusion Shortage of water resources has been seen to be a serious problem which threatens the survival of mankind. Water is an essential part of the lives of human beings who need water for survival. However, there are many human activities which either pollute water resources or which pollute the environment leading to the drying up of the water resources. Some of these activities include air pollution which occurs through human activities such as burning of fuel, release of harmful gases by industries or products such as vehicles, release of greenhouse gases among others. Water pollution occurs through discharging waste into water sources while contamination of ground water sources occurs after the use of certain chemicals including fertilizers which contaminate ground water after use, making such water toxic to humans. Other human activities such as deforestation and agriculture also contribute to the shortage of clean drinking water. Population growth puts pressure on water resources mak ing it difficult to satisfy human needs. There are various steps which should be taken in order to address the problem of water shortage. Afforestation and re-afforestation are two effective approaches in conserving the water resource since they help in attracting rainfall and purifying the atmosphere. Harvesting of water is a form of water conservation and it ensures that there is minimal water wastage. Finally, string laws which discourage environmental pollution should be passed in order to ensure that the environment is conserved and that there are enough water resources for all. This will ensure that future populations survive on current water resources available.

The Transformation of Hal in Shakespeares Henry IV Essay -- Henry IV

The Transformation of Hal in Henry IV      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeare's Henry IV, the character Hal, the Prince of Wales, undergoes a transformation that can be characterized as a redemption. Shakespeare introduces Hal, in the opening act as a renegade of the Court.   His avoidance of all public responsibility and his affinity for the company of   the Boar's Head Tavern, have caused serious concern for the King, because Hal is heir to the throne.   The King realizes that to keep order, a ruler and his heir must prove to be both responsible and honorable;   from the outset Hal possesses neither quality.   The King even testifies to his own advisor, that he would have rather traded Hal for Hotspur, the son of the Earl of Northumberland.   In the King's eyes Hotspur, not Hal,   is the "theme of honor's tongue" (1.1. 80), because he has won his glory through his merits in war.   Thus, Shakespeare has set Hal and Hotspur in opposition:   Hal, the prodigal prince, versus Hotspur, the proper prince.   Hal understands that he has been branded with the label, "truant to chivalry,"(5.1.   95) and as the heir to the throne, he realizes that it is imperative that he redeem himself not only for himself, but also for his father and his people because life will not always be a holiday , for "If all the year were playing holidays, To sport would be as tedious as work" (1.2. 211- 212).   However Hal needs some type of strength to make his realization come true.      Luckily Hal's father, the King is willing to lend several comments that enrage him and provide him with the necssary motivation.   It also seems that Shakespeare has included the foil for Hal, the vali... ...o someday rule the nation.       Works Cited and Consulted Barber, C.L. "Rule and Misrule in Henry1V." William Shakespeare: Histories and Poems. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 143-167. Bloom, Harold. Henry IV, Part One: Bloom's Notes. New York: Chelsea House, 1996. Cruttwell,Patrick. Hernry IV. Shakespeare For Students, Vol. II. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1999. Kantor, Andrea. Henry IV, Part One. London: Baron's Education Series, Inc, 1984. Princiss, G.M. Henry IV Criticism. Shakespeare For Students, Vol.II. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1999. Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare. Ed Stephen Greenblatt, et al. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997. Shakespeare, William.  Ã‚   1Henry IV.   In The Norten Anthology of English Literature. Eds.   M.H. Abrams et all.   5th Ed. New York: Norton, 1987.  

Strategic Implementation Essay -- Business, Organizational Culture

Strategic Implementation When choosing strategies to gain a competitive advantage and increase performance, the company must develop ways to implement those strategies. The actions taken at the functional, business, and corporate levels to execute a strategic plan include putting quality improvement programs into place, changing product designs, and segmenting the market. Also, when implementing strategies, the organization must choose the best structure, culture, and control systems to put the strategies into action. A governance system is needed for the organization to act in a manner that is consistent with maximizing profitability, profit growth, and legal and ethical practices. Organizational Structure The Clorox Company has expanded over the year the company had divided its operations into several branches: Household, International, Lifestyle, and Cleaning. The Clorox Company has divided their products that they produce into product groups and categories. Each product group focused on satisfying the needs of their target customers or groups and is managed by its own team of managers. A company’s organizational structure is the framework of the various relationships within the organization. It sets the foundation for the common actions and functions of employees at every aspect of the company. Organizational structure is a key component in achieving superior efficiency, quality, innovation, and responsiveness to customers (Hill & Jones, 2008). The organizational structure of The Clorox Company is a product structure. This structure is appropriate for a company when it has multiple products in multiple market segments. The intent of product structuring is to break up a compa ny’s growing product line into a number of s... ... 2004 until 2006. With Mr. Knauss holding various positions as head management in several companies has developed a leadership ability that is very consistent and spreading his vision of a company that must continue to change for the better. Mr. Donald R. Knauss, Don has been Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Clorox Corporation (formerly, the Clorox Co.), since October 2, 2006 and has overall responsibility for directing its worldwide business. Mr. Knauss has overall responsibility for directing the Clorox's worldwide business. He serves as an Executive officer of The Minute Maid Company. Mr. Knauss served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Coca-Cola North America at Coca-Cola Company from ..., including his director role at the Kellogg Company, provides him with a keen understanding of the company’s industry and customer and consumer dynamics.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Essay

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is probably the most famous German writer. He has often been called â€Å"the last true polymath to walk the earth†. Although he was not born there, he spent most of his life in Weimar in the former East Germany. Write a brief research paper in English (500 words), make sure to include the following information: Which other talents did he possess that earned him the name polymath? Where and when did he die? Name three of his most important novels. Use sites you find on the Internet and remember to include a WORKS CITED section so that your teacher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born in August 28, 1749, Frankfurt. He was not an aristocrat but raised in a middle class family. Goethe grew up close to art and literature, at age 8 he wrote a poem; at 13 he first published his very own collection of poetry. He studied law in college and opened up his own office as told by his father, but his interest was already leaned toward literature world. Since then he gathered around with other writers, focus on more variety of books, and study poetries and dramas. In 1772, Goethe stays at Wetzlar and met Johann Kestner. Kestner had a finace named Charlotte Buff, Goethe fell in love with her at the first sight and secretly admires her. After coming back to Frankfurt, he hears a news saying that one of his friend died in situation similar to his. With his experience and the story of his friend, he writes ‘The Sorrow of Young Werther’ which became popular with its publication. Goethe became famous at early twenties. In 1775, Goethe leaves Frankfurt and goes to what became his second hometown, Weimer. In this small dukedom with population about 6,000, he gains trust of Duke Carl August. Carl August gave Goethe several official positions in his court and Goethe became his chief adviser. Although he was very successful in his career, his anxiety that arose with his thirst for art and literature was getting bigger every day. Even his relationships with Charlotte von Stein, his lover, and contemporary intellectual Hether did not satisfy his thirst. Finally, he left Weimer, where he stayed for ten years and wander around. In 1786, Goethe travels around Italy for three years, he visits  Rome, sees and experience new things. In 1788, he comes back to Weimer. His experience at Italy was indeed revolutionary and set a turning point in Goethe’s career. Beautiful art pieces he has seen at Italy influenced Goethe to become a Classicist, however he lost his old friends who could not understand changed Goethe. But luckily he met Schiller, who was another great figure in German literature. They sometimes worked together, influenced together, and inspired each other. During these years, pieces like Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, Iphigenie auf Tauris, Egmont, Torquato Tasso, and Reineke Fuchs came out. But in 1805, Schiller died of age 48. This shocked Goethe, but overall he lived a peaceful life from 1809 to his death with his artistic fervent at its peak. Faust, Elective Affinities, the West-Eastern, From My Life: Poetry and Truth, all came out during this period. Goethe not only was a guru in literary world but also he was an expert in science, religious studies, and politics, which gained him the name polymath. He was deeply involved in natural science and showed interest in morphology and color theory. Some of his works include, Metamorphosis of Plants and Theory of Colours. Also, being born in Lutheran family and having experience serving Duke Carl August made him influential in those areas as well. In March 22nd, 1832 in Weimer, he died at age of 83. During his 80 years of life he published quantity amount of poems, dramas, novels, and so on. His works had both depth and width and this significantly elevated German literature which were known to be underdeveloped at the time. He is still regarded as a great literary guru to these days and will be remembered forever. Work Cited C.D. Merriman, Literature Network: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. http://www.online- literature.com/goethe/ 2012 December 13.

Aids prevention and transmission

HIV/Aids prevention refers to all measures put by individuals or groups such as governments, non-governmental sectors, as well as other types of organizations towards the containing of the disease from spreading and attacking more people. Usually preventive efforts have one goal, to halt or bring to considerably low levels, the spread of the disease. HIV/AIDS is transmitted through contact with the body fluids of an infected to open body parts of another person. The fact that, the disease is a serious threat to national economies especially in Africa is highlighted by a recent study by (CDC, 1999) which indicated that, some African governments were spending close to 20% of their national GDP income on Aids related programs (Wolitski, Janssen, Holtgrave, & Peterson, 2004). This is saddening viewed against the backdrop that, many of the developing countries who are, unfortunately the worst affected by the Aids scourge do not have enough capital to finance their national budgets leave alone affording to spend so exorbitantly on Aids related issues. Prevention measures. In order to deal with the problem in a better way, the World Health Organization has come up with programs aimed at specifically dealing with the problem. Such measures involve provision of funds to sponsor specific governments efforts towards Aids prevention, provision of free anti-retroviral drugs, advocacy, as well as through promotion of sex education. So as to better address prevention of the disease, a better understanding of HIV/AIDS is crucial. As noted by, Mason, Noble, Lindsey, et al. 1988), modes of transmission include, direct contact with an infected person’s blood or serum which happens especially when a HIV positive person engages in unprotected sex with another person. This is the most prevalent transmission mode and as a result, it has been a subject of research for many researchers. Other transmission methods include, from mother to baby, which occurs during birth by an infected mother, as well as during breast feeding. Un-sterilized syri nges are also are a common means of blood transmission especially if the syringes are used in multiple instances. Blood transfusion is also another common mode of transmission in many places. This happens in cases whereby blood is not properly screened before transfusion and therefore, contaminated blood ends up being transfused. Prevention Programs In the US, many of the prevention programs have targeted the minority groups as well as young people in high schools and colleges. This is especially the case due to the ample evidence suggesting the groups to be more vulnerable to the scourge. For instance, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) has initiated many projects targeting specifically the young people which train them in self protection, as well as Aids awareness programs which increase the awareness of the disease to help those who think the disease is a myth. Other programs include the provision of contraceptives such as condoms which research has shown to be one of the most effective prevention measures after abstinence. Other prevention programs currently in the US include, Diffusion of Effective Behavior Interventions (DEBI), which targets the youth by advocating for positive behavior change. Conclusion. The key to prevention of HIV/Aids lays in the initiation of prevention programs as discussed above. Prevention is the best cure so far to Aids and therefore the government should offer more funds towards prevention programs. There is a need for all stakeholders join efforts and fight the scourge. Further research is also necessary to ensure that, more knowledge is amassed on better methods of fighting the disease. With collaboration from all stakeholders, the fight against HIV/Aids is likely to be won and therefore this will afford governments’ funds to carry out other functions such provision of basic right to citizenry.

Morbidity Associated Autogenious Bone Graft Health And Social Care Essay

The unwritten pit is an extension of the tegument mucosal barrier to the external environment. In the digestive piece of land, it may be viewed as the first battlefield for the organic structure ‘s attempts to keep homeostasis. This does non merely maintain homeostasis but besides keeps infection off from the vulnerable interior parts of the organic structure ( Ford, 2007 ) . Most unwritten complaints are non fatal but affect about every person during his and her life clip, as a effect ; hurting and uncomfortableness, outgo on intervention, loss of school yearss, productiveness and work hours, and some grade of societal stigma is high. These conditions trigger the necessity of acquiring a redress to control these effects. In the UK about 40 per centum of kids aged between 4 to 9 old ages have incidents of decay in their milk dentitions. In lasting dentition, â€Å" 55 per centum of 12 twelvemonth olds and 72 per centum of 15 twelvemonth olds had obvious decay. The demand for orthodontic or any interventions is besides related to societal factors. A larger proportion ( 25 per cent ) of 15 twelvemonth olds had unmet orthodontic intervention † ( Schropp 2003 ) . Schropp besides showed that â€Å" the demand for unmet orthodontic intervention was twice every bit high ( 26 per cent ) among 15 twelvemonth olds from everyday and manual backgrounds compared with kids from managerial and professional backgrounds ( 13 per cent ) † . Oral conditions are of import public wellness concerns because of their high prevalence, their badness, or public demand for services because of their impact on persons and society as a whole. Fundamental basic wellness and societal services are a human right and unwritten wellness is an of import constituent thereof, single unwritten wellness intervention options are non available to most people, with few unwritten wellness promoting and preventative options. All members of the community should hold a right of entree to basic unwritten wellness intervention services. Oral diseases are mostly preventable and hence unwritten wellness publicity and primary bar should be regarded with great importance. A celebrated research worker, Dan Ford ( 2007 ) showed that infection occurs when infective or timeserving micro-organisms infiltrate or penetrate the organic structure surface. In the unwritten or dental sphere, the organic structure surface is either the mucous membrane or the enamel dentine coverage of the implicit in soft tissues. Teeth, cheek cells, lingua crypts, tonsillar abnormalities, gingival penstock and other anatomical constructions are safe oasiss for microbic populations of the oral cavity. From these countries, bugs of changing virulency may emigrate and do infections such as tonsillitis, gingivitis, pericoronitis, fringy periodontal disease, dental cavities, pulpitis and apical periodontal disease. Pulp and per apical redness, the associated hurting and the effects of root canal infection remain important facets of dental medicine in the universe today. New cognition and penetrations that are being produced by the twenty-four hours provide for better intervention chances and excite farther research activities on this issue. The bar and control of apical periodontal disease has a solid scientific base, but the many fluctuations in the clinical manifestations of the disease still go forth proficient and biological jobs that need to be solved. Despite recent technological progresss in handling these diseases, grounds of better and improved result is still missing. Alternate intervention affecting implants is being promoted as being better and effectual, but the standards of rating of the result of the two signifiers of intervention are dissimilar ; hence there is no true grounds based comparing on the results. Implant Reconstruction of edentulous patients has been successful and predictable in most instances where there is an appropriate technique ; sufficient bone volume, equal bone quality, desired stuffs and desired bone location have been satisfactory ( Adell et al, 1990 & A ; Brinemark 1969, 1984 ) . Endosseous implant arrangement is the intervention of pick for reconstructing map and retracing edentulous countries of the upper jaw and mandible ( Jeffrey, 2009 ) . With the available high tech stuffs and expertness linked to the surgery affecting dental implants, this type of implant is the most embraced as the intervention of penchant. Surgery linked to this implants has been seen to develop with clip. However, initial stabilisation is frequently hard to accomplish in the upper jaw when the cortical bone is really thin or absent because of badly resorbed alveolar ridges. In the instance of pneumatized maxillary fistulas, the entire breadth and tallness of bone are frequently unequal f or initial stabilisation of the implant ( Hernandez, 2006 ) . Reconstruction of alveolar ridge lacks sometimes requires bone augmentation before the implant arrangement procedure. Osseous defects are besides seen to happen as a consequence of injury, prolonged edentulous, inborn anomalousnesss, periodontic disease, and infection, and they frequently require difficult and soft tissue Reconstruction. Autogenous bone transplants have been used for many old ages for ridge augmentation and are still considered the best available or the gilded criterion for jaw Reconstruction. The usage of autogenic bone transplants with osseointegrated implants originally was discussed by Branemark and his co-workers, who frequently used the iliac crest as the giver site. Other external giver sites include calvarium, rib, and shinbone. For fix of most localised alveolar defects. However, barricade bone transplant from the symphysis and ramus buccal shelf offer advantages over iliac crest transplants, including close propinquity of giver and receiver sites, convenient surgical entree, decreased giver site morbidity, and decreased cost ( Pikos,2005 ) . Many excess unwritten giver sites for implant Reconstruction have been investigated and described in the literature ( Mitchell, 1993 ) . However, the usage of excess unwritten giver sites involves extended surgery and requires hospitalization of the patient for rather some clip ( Lundgren, 1997 ) .Wood and Moore were the first to discourse securing autogenic bone from intraoral sites for maxillary grafting. The propinquity between giver and receiver sites and the decreased operative and anesthesia times are obvious advantages of utilizing bone transplants from an intraoral site. Donor site morbidity is one of several of import factors that must be considered when reaping bone. Other factors to take into history are the sum of bone required, the type ( cortical or cancellate ) of bone needed, the receiver site, and the expected biologic behaviour ( neovascularization and reabsorption ) . Block bone transplants harvested from the symphysis can be used for predictable bone augmentation up to 6 millimeters in horizontal and perpendicular dimensions. The scope of this cortical cancellate transplant thickness is 3 to 11 millimeters, with most sites supplying 5 to 8 millimeter ( Figs. 1 and 2 ) . Fig 1 Symphysis and ramus buccal shelf block transplants harvested from same mandible. Note comparative greater cortical thickness of the symphysis transplant. Fig 2 Fixation of symphysis and ramus block transplants The two anterior perpendicular blocks are from the symphysis ; the posterior block is from the ramus buccal shelf. Note giver sites. The usage of parietal bone as donor site was described for the first clip in 1890. Subsequently Dandy in 1929 and Tessier in 1982 normalized its usage. Cranial calvarium bone in block or milled has become of general usage for inlay and onlay grafting and other cranio-maxillofacial rehabilitative processs such as orbit floor Reconstruction and other different malformations and bone defects. In Implantology it is been used in sinus lift processs and as block bone transplant for many old ages ( Ituraea, 2004 and Hernandez, 2006 ) . Many writers highlight, minimum and slower reabsorption and a large presence of morfogenetic proteins ( BMPs ) as the advantages that possess donor sites of membranous ossification like the skullcap bone, versus those of endochondral beginning. After mensurating the size of the transplants required, a 3x4cm square is designed to obtain six transplant blocks ( 1x2cm each ) maintaining a safe distance of 2 centimeter from the coronal and sagittal suturas and the temporal graduated table. Jeffreys ( 2009 ) retrospectively analyzed the success rates of endosseous implant arrangement in distrait poetries autogenic bone transplant Reconstruction sites in a patient population at Loma Linda University. Implants placed in sites restored with autogenic bone transplant had an implant success rate of 97 % ( 178/ 184 ) , whereas implants placed in distrait bone sites had a success rate of 98 % ( 55/56 ) . In the autogenic grafted group, 3 implants failed in the buttocks mandible, 1 in the anterior upper jaw, 1 in the anterior mandible, and 1 in the posterior upper jaw. In the distraction group, 1 implant failed in the posterior lower jaw. Using 2-sample binomial proving with the significance degree at.05, no statistical difference in success rates between the autogenously grafted and distracted bone sites ( P 5.5686 ) was seen. With respect to the buttocks mandible, no statistical difference in success rates between autogenously grafted and distracted bone ( P 5.9282 ) was seen. Both techniques are associated with good success rates. There is no statistical difference between implant successes in autogenic bone poetries distracted bone transplant sites in our patient series. In Umea, University Sweden, Jaime and Stefan ( 2003 ) working with the patients who bone was harvested from their inframaxillary ramus, there were fewer postoperative symptoms instantly after the operation than with inframaxillary symphysis harvest home. Twenty-two of the 20 nine patients with symphysis transplants experienced reduced sensitiveness in the tegument innervated by the mental nervus 1 month after the operation. Five of the 20 four patients with ramus transplants experienced reduced sensitiveness in the vestibular mucous membrane matching to the excitations of the buccal nervus. Eighteen months after the surgery, 15 of the 20 nine patients in the symphysis group still had some decreased sensitiveness and presented with lasting altered esthesis. Merely one of the patients grafted from the inframaxillary ramus presented with lasting altered esthesis in the posterior vestibular country. No major complication occurred in the giver sites in any of the 53 patients. Complications associated with the receiver site include trismus, hemorrhage, hurting, swelling, infection, neurosensory shortages, bone reabsorption, dehiscence, and transplant failure. Trismus is expected if the receiver site is the posterior lower jaw, which affects the musculuss of chew. Incidence is 60 % and is transeunt. Bone hemorrhage is expected secondary to site readying ( decortication and perforation ) , but inordinate hemorrhage can happen secondary to intrabony and soft tissue vas transection. Pain, puffiness, and contusing are mild to chair and are minimized with thrombocyte rich plasma. There are consecutive phases on how to put an implant ; First pre-implantologic surgical phase: Graft harvest home and maxillary Reconstruction. The operation in the giver site is performed under general anaesthesia and rhinal cannulation, in the right side ( non really dominant ) of the parietal distinction, to obtain the monocortical grafting stuff. Second surgical phase: Implant arrangement. This phase is performed 7 months after the grafting phase, under the usage of local anaesthesia. Third surgical phase In this stage we want to accomplish clear entree to the implants and conditioning of the peri-implants soft tissues to guarantee adequate keratinized motionless gingival. Finally, after the soft tissue healing, upper upper jaw is rehabilitated with porcelain bonded implant supported prosthetic devices and mandible with a metal rosin implant supported fix and complete arch, by utilizing a semi adjustable. The intent of this thesis will hence be, to measure two intraoral giver sites, the inframaxillary symphysis and the go uping inframaxillary ramus, with respect to their morbidity and frequence of complications after executing harvest home processs. In add-on to this, it will foreground ; indicants, restrictions, pre surgical rating, surgical protocol together with complications associated with inframaxillary block autoplasties harvested from the symphysis and ramus buccal shelf for alveolar ridge augmentation. Although the handiness of the inframaxillary symphysis country seems to be better than that of the inframaxillary ramus, a greater sum of bone with higher denseness and more cortical content can be harvested with less morbidity and fewer complications from the ramus. Bradley, ( 2007 ) outlines some of the many different techniques that exist for effectual bone augmentation. The attack is mostly dependent on the extent of the defect and specific processs to be performed for the implant Reconstruction. It is most appropriate therefore to use the usage of an evidenced based attack when a intervention program is being developed for bone augmentation instances. Clarizio ( 2002 ) established that Bone grafting techniques for alveolar ridge Reconstruction prior to dental implant arrangement have developed greatly with clip. He adds that autogenic bone grafting has many advantages over other techniques, but is non without hazards and possible complications, including lesion dehiscence, infection, partial or entire loss of the bone transplant, and donor site morbidity In his statement Clevero, ( 2003 ) asserts that the encountered troubles can be with perpendicular and horizontal ridge augmentation by agencies of bone grafting techniques that can be often limited to soft tissue tolerances and bone transplant reabsorption. Since the bone has its ain embryologic growing there is a superior healing ability that can ne'er do any malformation. Despite this there are techniques that can convey about the formation of castanetss and tissues. Alveolar distraction osteogenesis is a surgical technique that encourages creative activity of new bone and soft tissue through incremental prolongation of osteal sections. â€Å" Alveolar distraction offers advantages over traditional bone grafting techniques. An addition in alveolar bone tallness and attendant addition in vestibular alveolar mucous membrane is a consequence of gradual bone distraction. Minimal periosteal denudation is utilised, as the conveyance section is little † ( Clarizio, 2002 ) . Most o f these procedures wholly depend on the stableness of the bone section together with O tenseness. The full healing procedure 1000, is determined by the procedures taking topographic point that is if it is an implant or a transplant. Bone augmentation technique employed to retrace these different ridge defects and is dependent on the horizontal and perpendicular extent of the defect. rehabilitative processs are less favourable in defects Conversely, as it is put by Schropp ( 2003 ) immediate arrangement of implants into extraction sockets with a horizontal defect dimension ( distance from bone to engraft ) & lt ; 2 millimeter is conformable to predictable partial defect fill by appositive bone growing, without barrier membranes that exhibit horizontal and perpendicular constituents. A Heterograft is a transplant or tissue graft from different species an illustration of this is a transplant signifier a human being to a monkey. This is the recommended replacement to autogenious grafting. Xenografting in human existences provide a likely redress to stop phase failure of organic structure functionality. Equally much as this helps there are a figure of negative effects caused by these transplants. An illustration of this is that transplants from other species may hold a shorter lifetime since tissues have different ageing phases. Another affair of concern is the permanent changes in an person ‘s familial codification. A survey was done by ( Clarizo, 2002 ) to find the effects of losing dentitions in complete dental plate wearers. This was conducted by using Oral Health Impact Profile. Harmonizing to Clarizo this was besides done to: Compare the cogency of 49 and 14 point versions of OHIP in a dental plate have oning population. In a cross sectional survey, informations were collected at Newcastle Dental Hospital, UK where two groups were involved: ( 1 ) topics edentulous in one or both jaws seeking dental implants to retain their intra-oral prosthetic devices ( n = 48 ) ; ( 2 ) an edentulous control group of the same age and gender distribution bespeaking conventional, complete dental plates ( n = 35 ) . All participants in the survey completed a 49 point OHIP ( OHIP-49 ) and a validated dental plate satisfaction questionnaire prior to active intervention. OHIP informations were computed utilizing the leaden standardised and simple count methods. Non-parametric statistical trials were used to compare the responses of implant and control topics. Both groups were dissatisfied with their conventional dental plates and had comparatively similar degrees of dissatisfaction. There were statistically important differences between the groups for all seven OHIP-49 sub-scale tonss. Differences between OHIP-14 sub-scale tonss were besides important, with presence of dentitions act uponing the impact on psychological uncomfortableness. Subjects in the implant group were significantly more impaired, handicapped and handicapped by tooth loss than topics seeking conventional dental plates. The consequences suggested that OHIP-49 and OHIP-14 had a similar ability to know apart between the groups. This indicates that OHIP-14 may be a utile assistance in a clinical scene.