Childhood memories Essay Example for Free

Childhood memories Essay Thinking about my childhood, makes me feel like I want to go back and to watch me while I was doing unexpected crazy actions, it was the funniest days ever. My childhood, sometimes it makes me laugh other times I really cry. Remembering some crazy actions that I’ve done , like jumping in the deepest part of the swimming pool while I didn’t know how to swim yet, they rescued me but, I wasn’t scared, that really makes me laugh when I remember such an action. One time, my mother was pulling me up from the swimming pool after my training, she was trying to pull me out but, actually I pulled her in water, it was really funny, I still laugh when I remember that. In other hand, when I remember my grand father I really start to cry, I was 4 years when he died, I remember him and what we did together as it was yesterday, I think remembering all memories with someone when you were 4 years old, it proves how much did you love that person and how close he was to you actually, to your heart. I wish that I can go back and to live on day from my childhood, when I was always feeling that am safe, when me and my friends living day by day and we were not planning for anything to happen in the day after. We didn’t know what’s meant by hater and, we didn’t realize black hearted people who talk bad about you in your back and, they just give a smile in your face. Even money were just papers for me but, now a days people can kill to earn money, all people now are racing for money. I really want to lay on my old bed as I used to sleep when I just put my head on my pillow I don’t care about anything, I Don’t hate any body. I really want to live just on day of my childhood, it was fun, real fun.

Domestic Politics Essay Example for Free

Domestic Politics Essay Trade which means the exchange of goods and services for money is very important for the growth of any country’s economy. This business industry has continually changed over time. This can be clearly seen because a long time ago there was barter trade which is the exchange of goods with other goods or services. Initially there was no medium of exchange but later money was introduced. Traditionally, trade was also conducted within boundaries of countries that is local trade. However the arena has completely changed nowadays. This has been caused by the fact that the transportation of goods and services is easy. People, goods and services can be transported through air, rail, water or even road. This in turn means that space otherwise known as distance between the producer of goods and services and the consumer is not an issue. There is therefore a free flow of services, people and goods from one country to another. This means that there is international trade. However, international trade is affected by the domestic policies of the country as well and the politics of all other countries involved. This paper will study the effects of the politics of globalization in China. Yanrui argues that the economy of China has changed since the economic reforms which took place in 1978 (1). According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, her economy comes third. United States is ranked first followed by Japan. China’s economy has been growing very rapidly. It has been having a constant Gross Domestic Product growth rate of more than 10per cent. Her per capita income has also been increasing with time. Her economy is continually improving because she concentrates in ensuring that there is equitable sharing of resources as well as aiming at lowering the poverty levels. Additionally, (Dadush 1) notes that China is doing considerably well in the international market as she is the leading exporter and the second largest importer of services and goods. On the same note (Yanrui 2), states that there are two major factors responsible for the economic advancements in China. The first factor is growth of investments which between 1979 and 2004 grew at a rate of 12 per cent. The high growth of investments was caused by many foreign organizations investing directly and also the high rate of savings. This means that the foreign organizations invested in China as citizen and thus this is corporate citizenship. The organizations in turn save some money in the country. He observe that there was a very high increase in the ratio of domestic savings and Gross Domestic Product. The figure had increased up to 74. 8 per cent in 2004 compared to 10. 1 per cent in 1979. (Yanrui 2) continues to emphasize the fact that china’s economy has improved due to her increased exports. The exports rates were 18 per cent between 1979 and 2004. Yanrui continues to state that another factor to be considered in measuring the growth rate of China is the domestic consumption. The number of people acquiring cars increased at a rate of 24. 1 per cent per year between 2001 and 2004. This shows that they have money and thus the economy is doing well. It clearly indicates that due to the improvement in the country’s economy a lot of people had the purchasing power due to low prices of commodities and the taxes levied on the goods and services had reduced and hence most people could buy them. The economy of a country is highly affected by her politics Keohane (2). He continues to argue that the domestic politics of a country in turn affects the world economy. It is therefore necessary to consider how domestic politics, globalization influence each other in China. In China in 1949, the government used to control the prices of commodities, control some important policies such as the banking and financial policies. This hindered economic development and as a result her economy was not growing at a fast pace. After 1978 the Chinese government controlled only a few industries such as the one dealing with air travel. The Chinese government ensures that the activities in each sector of the economy are controlled by institutions or organizations such as Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Agriculture among others. The operations of some other organizations are supervised by the State Council. The State council has offices in other locations nearer to the institutions it supervises. The state council implements the policies regarding the economy. This is done by controlling financial operations of the organizations, ensuring that some resources such as transport, labor and raw materials among others are equitably shared and they also control the tax issues. Taxes can lead to a poor economy because they make the prices to shoot upwards if they are high. This in turn lowers the demand for the goods. Zhiyue (1) states that it is of paramount importance for China to attain democracy. However it is a hard task to decide which democracy model should be implemented in China. He (145) notes that there are four democratization models that china could use. They are: social capital theory, modernization theory, negotiation-pact and the modernization theory. Each of these will be elaborated. The social mobilization theory states that democracy is not achieved by mere economic advancement (He 147). The modernization theory on the other hand (145) advocates for the fact that if a country is economically developed it is most likely to achieve high levels of democracy. The third theory which is negotiation-pact stipulates that the learned and the political leader are very important in order for a country to achieve democracy (He 153). He also notes that it is viewed as the most secure model for transition. He (154) continues to elaborate that for a country like China to attain democracy various factors which include the culture, her economic development, the politicians and the social classes have to be considered. In addition to considering these factors any other important issue should be put into consideration. A balance should be stricken between the various factors in order to achieve democracy without violence which could lead to unnecessary loss of property and lives. Therefore in attempt to answer the question it is worth noting that China’s economy is doing well. This means that there is increased trade, income and saving are high, the prices and inflation rates are low. This basically means that the economic arena is good. However, China has not yet attained democracy. Yanrui (2006) observes that globalization is the ability of the Chinese economy to interact profitably with the international business community. He additionally states that a country’s level of globalization can be gauged by looking at how the international business affects its economy. China has made use of the international trade and thus her exports rose to 593. 4 United States billion dollars in 2004 up from 9. 8 billion United States dollars. It is at this point that I would like to note that the domestic politics of a country affects her globalization. The political system of a country determines whether there will be free flow of goods, capital, services and people in and out of the country. As has already been stated above for a country to be considered internationalized it has to engage in international trade. Thanks to the Chinese government which discovered this earlier and implemented the 1978 reforms. This encouraged international trade which has made her economy to improve dramatically. However, this should not cause the countries to lose their political identity in the name of being internationalized. China has an edge over any other country that has not reached her level. (He 139) notes that the China is almost developing to the level of the developed world. He also observes that though China has developed in terms of trade she still lacks in the democracy (140). This is therefore a clear indicator that China has a democratic deficit which is caused by its communist system. It is therefore important for China to look for a suitable democratic model which she should implement in order to avert the democratic deficit. He adds that ninety per cent of the people in China feel that they should have democracy (145). China has become a very important destination for any organization in the world. The Economists intelligence Unit (10) notes that there is no serious multinational that can afford to ignore China in its business operations. It continues to elaborate that the emergence of a stable market which is easily accessible makes China a preferred market for many multinationals. To ensure that the multinationals adhere to the expected standards China has introduced laws and regulations to cater for the organizations. Global Corporate citizenship is whereby a multinational company registers in a particular country such as China in order for it to conduct business in the host country. This is done in China and it is important because those companies who conduct business in China are conversant with her laws and hence security is maintained despite there being foreigners in China. The foreigners feel part and parcel of the country. It is important that each and every country discover that though the economy could be doing very well they should also ensure that they attain democracy. They should consider the democratization theories and and come with a model that will favor them. Domestic politics should ensure that country develops economy wise. The factors of production as well as the resources should be distributed equitably for the benefit of all citizens and any other party willing to conduct business in the country. Works Cited. Dadush, Uri. Global outlook: Not your average Crisis. Massachusetts, International Economic Bulletin, 2010. Economist Intelligence Unit. Coming of Age: Multinational Companies in China. Hongkong, Russell Reynolds Associates Economist Intelligence Unit,2004. He, Kai, and Huiyun, Feng. â€Å"A path to democracy: In search of China’s Democratization Model Vol 32, No. 3, 2008. Keohane,Robert, and Helen Milner. Internationalization and domestic politics. United Kingdom,the press syndicate of the University of Cambridge,1996. MIT department of political science. Politics of globalization. Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2009. Yanrui, Wu. Economic growth transition and globalization in China: advances in Chinese Economic studies. U. K: Edward and elgar Publishing Ltd. , 2006. .Zhiyue,Bo. China’s model of democracy. Chicago, Political Science Association, 2009.

Management Styles at Ford and Nissan

Management Styles at Ford and Nissan In this assignment I have highlighted different management styles of Automobile industries by considering their motivational and organizational Theory of management. I have explained some social factors and also the Impact of technology on management and leadership behavior. The first part of the assignment discuss the introduction of both companies .i.e. Ford and Nissan, their management behavior and impact of such behavior on business performance. Than motivational theories how it changes the behavior of company and last impact of technology on the performance, structure and layout of the companies. INTRODUCTION In todays competitive market managers have to perform various roles in the organization. Their handling of different situation depends on their management styles. In the motivational theory the top leadership and the executive management understands the active needs active for employees motivation and give the purpose for being motivated. Organizational theory, for a successful organization, focus on the establishment of coordination that how management and employees by strengthening themselves can achieve the common organizational goals PURPOSE OF ASSIGNMENT Everything is done for some definite motive; here we are making our assignment for a definite purpose. The completion and submission of this assignment is an integral part of Advance Diploma in Business Management from London Essex College. Through assignment students will familiarize with management practices and behavior role that they have to play during their professional careers The students not only acclimatize themselves to the corporate environment but also learn to assume responsibility, co-operation and teamwork the hallmarks of modern management and the most important we have to pass our module as well. APPROACH As for as approach is concerned here we applied the management thoughts and theories of our respective companies. We applied different academic models, academic research, class room notes, our personal experience, industry publication, means both primary and secondary research on automobile industry as s well as review and analysis of it. INTRODUCTION OF FORD AND NISSAN MOTORS FORD MOTOR The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational corporation based in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It is the third largest automaker based on worldwide vehicle sale in US after General Motors and Toyota. The automaker was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. In addition to the Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury brands, Ford also owns a small stake in Mazda in Japan and Aston Martin in the UK. Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover were sold to Tata Motors of India in March 2008. In 2010 Ford sold Volvo to Geely Automobile. Ford will discontinue the Mercury brand at the end of 2010. Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines. Henry Fords methods came to be known around the world as Fordism by 1914, he is also father of modern assembly line used in mass production NISSAN Nissan is a Japanese Car Company whose trade mark is Datsun. The head offices are in Japan. Nissan was used to be Japans second-Largest car company. It is an automotive, financial services and engineering industry. It produced automobile, out board motors and forklift trucks. About 176,000 employees are working at Nissan. In 1986, Nissan become the first Japanese automobile company which set the production plant in Europe at Sunderland. It is important to know the companys management philosophy, values, vision, goals, and social environment. The culture depicts the type of leadership .communication and groups dynamics within the organisatiion. Impact of Management Behavior and Organizational Culture of Ford Under the new management of Alan Mulally CEO of Ford motor company enhance overall companys performance . His management can be summed up in these points: Learn whats going on and how things work. Set goals based on good information. Communicate these goals to everyone involved. Create a process for communicating progress and results. Successful leadership hinges on such crucial skills as communication, collaboration and judgment. The CEO Alan Mulally endorsed these skills in an extraordinarily high-pressure environment. He changed Fords culture since he joined Ford and has fostered cooperation among divisions and regions that used to compete with each other for resources. Hes also modeled transparency, meeting regularly with employees and instituting a dashboard system that makes key metrics about sales and market share more visible and precise to the organization. Ford created a culture in which telling the truth, however painful it may be, gets rewarded. Every week Ford review their Business Plan with the higher management just top gather report on how well Ford meeting their targets and organisation goal. Impact on Business In 2010, Ford forecast a 2010 operating profit and posted $2.7 billion in net income for last year Ford recovered the benefits ,after three annual losses the full-year profit was Ford first after 2006. More importantly, Ford gained U.S. market share for the first year since 1995, with new models such as the revamped Taurus. The likes of GM and Chrysler, meanwhile, reorganized with federal aid. Fords profit and cash from operations have been improving with better pricing and cost savings. 6- MANAGEMENT APPROACH OF FORD MOTOR COMPANY Ford Motor Company requires all its employees to be an expert , which encourages specialization. Thus, Ford is a functional organization. Each employee reports to a functional manager. At the same time, they understand the importance of a focus on the final product. As a result, a matrix organization is created where each employee also reports to a chief engineer who represents the interests of the customer. Meetings are conducted every two days to coordinate the relations between chief engineers and functional managers. Fords structure also has other formal mechanisms facilitating communication among functions, such as module development teams, which are cross-functional teams that bring together product and production engineers. Through this structure, Ford strikes a balance between being highly traditional and bureaucratic while at the same time agile and innovative. Ford culture and structure constantly emphasis on learning and continuous improvement .All employees from different levels are expected to analyse the actual and standard performance and if there is any problem there, than understand the cause of all problems. A theoretical framework is made in respect with cause and effect relationship, means what factors causes that problems, how this problem can be solved, when this problem will solved and how long it take to solve that problem. Without such understanding, they believe, improvements are not likely. Their culture emphasizes rethinking of how things are done, and sayings such as never be satisfied and theres gotta be a better way are part of their daily life. For example, if a car comes down the assembly line with a defect, fixing the defect is not the priority. Instead, the emphasis is on understanding the cause of the defect so it is not repeated. In addition to facilitating learning at the individual and team levels, they take steps to make sure that what is learned is shared with the rest of the organization. This is achieved by putting implied knowledge into writing. Traditionally management structure was vertical where chain of command and ultimate decisions made by top management. Ford Company started the mass production with automotive tools in late1920 with standard products, special purpose machine, and standards task and efficient division of labour. The moving assembly line is the symbol of Fordism at Ford Company. Motivation techniques at Ford Motor Company New management of in 2006, turnaround plan that called for closing plants, cutting jobs and dropping some of its models. The said management removed obstacles, put new managers in place and forced feuding parts of the company to work together. Moreover the new management introduced cards printed out for every employee exhorting people to work together and accelerate development of new products Ford Motor Company uses a Positive Reinforcement Technique i.e. the ford employees are rewarded for the favorable behavior they perform according to the wishes of their manager. Impact of Management Behavior and Organizational Culture of NISSAN Nissan Company is very clear about its goals and objectives. The management of company does not believe on traditional but have their own knowledge and expertise and powerful flow of information that runs through divisions of business areas. Their strategy is simple, inspire effective performance and create value for the customers. The management regards individual vision, employee performance, commit action plans and same management practices are entrenched at every level of company. Workforce diversity is also important element, when people from different regions, cultures worked together definitely they share different thoughts but on the other way often healthy conflicts also aroused but the efficient management practice resolved that conflicts, results in operation within Nissan making the process active and direct so diverse workforce brings solutions and leads company towards new direction. Employees of Nissan share their thoughts and relationship with the employees based on mutual respect and trust. A new communication channel helps the employees to express the ideas in more effective manner. This is to somewhat the true culture of any progress company. Management Approach of Nissan Management approach of company is very good, employees are treated like the assets of the company, good friendly environment, and worker participation in decision making is the proof of that company is also practicing the impact of different management theories like Hawthorne studies where workers productivity tends upon human behavior. There is equal employment opportunity, workforce diversity, Global code of conduct within the organization, ANALYSIS OF FORD NISSAN STRUCTURE Companys Structure Company structure arrange people and job so that work can be performed for the success of any company as many writers pointed about the importance of organization structure and its relationship with company strategy, technology, environment and culture. Burns and Stalker (1961) concluded that if an organization is to achieve maximum performance than its structure must fit with or match the rate of change in its environments. Handy (1990-1993) has discussed the importance of culture in relation to organization design and structure. Organizations structure of Nissan Nissan Company has announced to introduce new organizational structure to guide Nissan. Employees and the top management understand the company structure and express their opinions easily. Traditional car company (FORD) has traditional hierarchical organizational structure that means each employees role within the organization and relationship of employees. Traditional company has narrow spans of control most important decision will be made by senior management. In the 20th century, company grows bigger and they have command and control of the organization due to the globalization and technology. Advantages of hierarchical structures All employees authority and responsibility will be defined. Specific managers and hierarchical environment motivate effectively. Employees will be loyal. Disadvantages of Hierarchical structures Company will be bureaucratic and respond slowly to changing customer needs. Horizontal communication will be poor. Usually departments make decisions so business decision will be slowly implemented. Companys culture of both organizations Culture is the sum of the beliefs and values that shape norms of behaviour and dictate the ways things get done. There are several continuums that help define an organizations culture. Is the organization driven by results and achievement, or relationships and people? Does the organization have an internal focus, or an external focus? Is the organization adaptive and flexible, or is it structured and stable?  [1]   Role of organizational culture plays in safety issues. It leads to innovation and strategic thinking. Leadership is also important cultures that every company can know that leadership affect culture. Leaders change or create culture. Cultural leadership apparently has some features in the car production companies where cultural leaders have multiple cultural leaders of the same time. All companies performance shows acceptable trade. These are traditional companies but they are growing business in the world. Organisational theories in management behaviour System theory I have chosen system theory to explain two of these companies. It was developed in 1950s and it was a biological system such as human being. It is most simple level and takes inputs. Basic Elements of a System Inputs Organization or Outputs Transformation system Feedback Boundaries and environment Objectivities and goals Organization as a system Systems theory views an organization as a complex set of dynamically intertwined and interconnected elements, including inputs, processes, outputs, feedback loops, and the environment. Any change in one element causes changes in other elements.  [2]   System theory helps to learn the company. Such as Maslows hierarchy needs. Creating doctrines of participation. Modern including of technology. Personal mastery. Mental models. Building shared vision. Team learning. Systems thinking A modern company as like Nissan should have followings characteristics. System view point Dynamic process Multi-motivated Multi-disciplinary Adaptive Probabilistic Descriptive The systems approach views organization as a system composed of interconnected and thus mutually dependent sub-systems. These sub-systems can have their own sub-sub-systems. A system can be perceived as composed of some components, functions and processes (Albrecht, 1983). Thus, the organization consists of the following three basic elements (Bakke, 1959 ):  [3]   Motivation in practice at two car companies Motivation is the most important factor which increases the performance and productivity of a company. Company implements many motivational activities such as rewards (salary, commission, and bonuses), treating the employees very well, taking an interest in the employees personal life, giving a chance to everyone at the company, building and teaching new skills and making the work interesting. Motivated workforce in Nissan is the greatest asset of the company; actually the performance of company reflects the attitudes, beliefs and passion of employees toward work. Company is motivating the employees but different ways both intrinsically and extrinsically. Promotion and empowerment are few examples, when people are empowered, their belongingness with company increased, result in increased in the productivity. Promotion is based on performance based not on seniority based system but in fact on performance based as well as there is compensation system for excellent performance of employees, this is good practice of corporate gurus of company MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES Research shows how we can motivate employees in a company. Many motivational theories and models could be employed to help to motivate the staff at any companies. Highly motivated people will give good results will in turn help to achieve the organization desire goals. Motivating staff in the car manufacturing industry is most important factor of running a business. Abraham Maslow developed a motivation theory of human needs in 1954. He mentioned that humans have a different variety of needs. Firstly, humans satisfy their basic needs then try to satisfy their other needs. A company should consider the needs of all its employees. Maslow noted five basic needs and ordered them in a hierarchy from higher to lower. Self Actualization Needs Esteem Needs Achievement Challenging Job Belongingness Needs Status Job Title Security Needs Friendship Friends in Group Physiological Needs Stability Pension Plan Sustenance Basic Salary Maslow Need Hierarchy One research study by James R. Lindner at Ohio University shows that factors which influence the motivation of employees at a company. These findings are interesting; work and good pay are influencing factors on employees at work. Further influential reward systems include job enlargement, job enrichment, promotions, internal and external stipends, monetary and non monetary compensation. These should all be considered as they have been shown to motivate employees at work.  [4]  It means that an employees behavior will change as their needs are satisfied. According to the Maslow theory, an organization should design their system to motivate its people; pay will help to satisfy the basic need.  [5]   By applying the Taylor approach of scientific management we can apply the abovementioned theory, effective hiring, training, and compensation incentives, work achievements fulfilled the needs of workers. American Ford company used this technique in assembly line of production for more production and efficient utilization of resources. When worker are provided good working conditions, fresh air, than their basic need is fulfilled, but they cant be motivated until provided by security need and later on when their primary needs are fulfilled than they shift to other needs. In contrast with company .i.e. is also fulfilling the above mentioned theory as for as concern of employees. it is fulfilling their basic need by offering handsome salary packages, based on performance when appraisal is made employee moves to next stage. The X and Y theory was developed by Douglas McGregor in 1960. Theory X suggests that managers want to direct and control their employees. It argues that employees dont like work, so managers or supervisors should punish them for this. On the other hand, according to theory Y, employees are self motivated, like to do their work and wish to achieve the organizations goals.  [6]   These are some ideas to motivate people at two companies. (Nissan and Ford) Motivating through work design Motivating through participation Motivating through targets If these two companies do not motivate its employees, commonly, some problems will occur. Absenteeism Wasting time Gossip Bucking of the system Challenging of policy Bureaucracy. Recruitment and selection report of company is analyzed that how can it maintain and carried out the staff. Some factors are including recruiting the followings factors; The business growth Filling the vacancies by resignation or termination and retirement. Internal promotion Analysis of Social Factors As for as corporate social responsibilities both companies playing an important role in the society of UK. Nissan and Ford will invest  £2 billion of worth investment in production and R D of low carbon and electric car across the England and Wales. The motive of Nissan is environmental friendly and enriching people life. When the company analyses the social factors, we should consider the followings factors. In management behavior, Social factors also influence such as the groups to which the team be longs and social status. In a group or team, several persons interact to influence the decisions. Ford and Nissan companies should consider the social factors. PESTEL analysis will explain the social factors to make the decisions. They are: Sales are relationship driven Customer expectations Relationship management is industry demand. Life time customers Customers want solution to the problems. Global /multinational company. Cultural mind set Developing countries are different levels. Different levels of service. If Ford and Nissan implement the socialization (Group and team) very well, they will get following possible outcomes, such as Job satisfaction Role clarity High work motivation Understanding of culture and perceived control High job involvement Committed to organization Tenure High performance Internationalized values. Actions will be made to encourage ethical and social behavior. Be realistic in setting values and goals regarding employee relationships Encourage input from organization members regarding appropriate values and practices for implementing the culture Opt for a strong culture that encourages and rewards diversity and principled dissent Provide training on adopting and implementing the organizations values  [7]   Impact of Technology on management behavior and work force Many of the impacts of Information Technology are straightforward. But they are not necessarily obvious, nor are they trivial (Jack Nilles, Centre for Future Research)  [8]   IT impacts on Ford and Nissan companies performance and productivity. IT provides organizational and financial benefits for companies. It is changing to business landscape. All companies cultures and business strategies use IT. Business strategy collapsing time and distance, enabling electronic commerce. Organization Culture encouraging the free flow of information. Organization Structures making networking and virtual corporations a reality Management Processes providing support for complex decision making processes. Work dramatically changing the nature of professional and now managerial work. The workplace allowing work from home and on the move, as in telework .  [9]   With the technological development UK car industry is one the leading car industry as Ford, producing a third of its global engine requirement at two UK locations and Nissans Sunderland plant, which is set to be a European hub for battery and electric vehicle production. The combination of investment in British brands and investment in the countrys personnel and plants by foreign companies also brings significant benefits to the full breadth of the UK automotive industry KEY ISSUES The key issue of Nissan is to build the corporate image and foundation in highly competitive environment and is assuming earthquake (EQ) as the most critical catastrophe. While continuous innovation, customers expectations, changing mix, management of diverse workforce are key issues of Ford Company Some of the key issues are as follows. Global production and competition. Consumers spending patterns Emerging Markets Health Care and environmental issues. Foreign Exchange rates Conclusion The management styles can be different in different organization but these management styles should bring great achievement of the organizational goals. By adapting right style of management and leadership in an organization the facilitation of working leadership between various entities of the organization is possible. Thus by comparing the overall management behavior and the structure of the organization for both Ford and Nissan I totally agree that Ford is better than Nissan in all ways. As for as UK car industry is concerned, it is very different as it perceived in 1970`s because majority of British brands are now owned by non British motors group of foreign investors, on the other hand, Aston Martin, more recently owned by Ford. Governmental policies are one the reason of decline in the decline of automobile industry in UK, so government should encourage domestic production and reduce the tariff and taxes.

Why Is Vatican Ii So Significant In The Modern Church? :: essays research papers fc

Why is Vatican II so Significant in the Modern Church? INTRODUCTION: VATICAN II Vatican II was the 21st ecumenical council recognized by the Roman Catholic church, which became the symbol of the church's openness to the modern world. The council was announced by Pope John XXIII on January 25, 1959, and held 178 meetings in the autumn of each of four successive years. The first gathering was on October 11, 1962, and the last on December 8, 1965. Of 2908 bishops and others eligible to attend, 2540 from all parts of the world participated in the opening meeting. The U.S. delegation of 241 members was second in size only to that of Italy. Asian and African bishops played a prominent role in the council's deliberations. Only Communist nations were sparsely represented, the result of government pressures. The average attendance at the meetings was 2200. ESSAY Vatican II, as we can clearly see from the above information, was a very large and important meeting in the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican II has altered the Roman Catholic Church more that any other council that took place. It has great significance as it made the church more reasonable and realistic. The Church, after the council, was much more down-to-earth and open-minded. One of Vatican II's changes that took place was that Mass became vernacular. This change was very important because it made people feel more at a personal level when mass was held seeing as though the priest was speaking their language. It made them feel more at home and increased their understanding and ability to respond. Another very major and important change that took place due to Vatican II was the relationship with the Church and the world. "The Church is a human organization steered by the Holy Spirit and composed of the gifts and talents of its members. It is acknowledged that at this time the Church community has not yet reached its highest potential and is faced with the limitations and of human shortcomings and temporal constrictions. With an understanding of its abilities and its boundaries, the Church seeks to work with the world community to come closer to the life to which God calls the world." As this quote from one of the Documents in Vatican II states, the Church need have a relationship with the "outside world" as the Church itself is comprised of humans. And that the Church having a good relationship with the outside world is necessary for the Church to reach its highest potential. These are some of the changes that took place in Vatican II and naming

Camera Phones Trigger Controversy Essay -- Communication Technology Ce

Camera Phones Trigger Controversy When Catherine Zeta Jones appeared in a television commercial, she was one of the first to advertise one of the newest additions to a cell phone: the camera phone. The purpose of the commercial was to show how convenient, compact and useful such an apparatus could turn out to be. The theory is quite simple, basically combining a cell phone and a digital camera into one gadget. Major cellular companies like Nokia, Samsung and Sanyo observed how popular digital cameras were becoming, and decided to integrate it with one device most Americans find a necessity and not a luxury; the cell phone. No sooner than the phones hit the market, did the stores sell out of the phone. In 2002 An estimated 16 million camera phones were sold worldwide, with 5 million of those being in the U.S. (strategyanalytics). The camera phone had become a hit. Not even a few months after the release of the phone did controversy hit. What appeared to be a harmless little tech device left some people feeling invaded. Apparently, the phones picture-taking ability was being exploited to covertly photograph individuals with out their consent. In addition to people, certain places could not be captured on disk that usually prohibit photography. This can then allow the picture taker to post these pictures on the internet, sell them, or blackmail people for favors. The question that then must be asked is how is a camera phone any different than any other form of surveillance where your picture is taken? This is a very difficult question to answer and one that will be addressed in a legal sense. After all, having your picture taken by a camera phone or by a hidden camera in a shopping mall could be the s... ...: Look At Me† Ctnow: Technology March 2, 2003 http://www.ctnow.com/technology/hc-camphones.artfeb,27,0,5168365 (2) Batista, Elisa. â€Å"New Privacy Menace: Cell Phones?† WiredNews March 3, 2003 http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,57692,00.html (3) Lacey, Eugene. â€Å"Smile! You’ve just been caught out on camera phone† ZDNet UK Febuary 28, 2003 http://comment.zdnet.co.uk/story/0,,t527-s2122702-pl,00.html (4) â€Å"STRATEGY ANALYTICS: 10 MILLION CELLULAR CAMERA PHONES SOLD WORLDWIDE THROUGH Q3 2002† March 3, 2003 http://www.strategyanalytics.com/press/PR00026.htm (5) Greenspan, Robin. â€Å"The digital imaging big picture† Cyberatlas Hardware March 2, 2003 http://cyberatlas.internet.com/big_picture/hardware/article/0,,5921_1546341,00.html (6) Jones, Rob. â€Å"Saudi phone ban may be lifted† vnunet March 4, 2003 http://www.vnunet.com/news/1337796

Shakespeares Hamlet - The Character of Ophelia Essays -- GCSE Englis

Hamlet: The Character of Ophelia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Concerning the Ophelia of Shakespeare’s tragic drama Hamlet, is she an innocent type or not? Is she a victim or not? This essay will explore these and other questions related to this character.    Rebecca West in â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption† viciously, and perhaps unfoundedly, attacks the virginity of Ophelia:    There is no more bizarre aspect of the misreading of Hamlet’s character than the assumption that his relations with Ophelia were innocent and that Ophelia was a correct and timid virgin of exquisite sensibilities. . . . She was not a chaste young woman. That is shown by her tolerance of Hamlet’s obscene conversations, which cannot be explained as consistent with the custom of the time. If that were the reason for it, all the men and women in Shakespeare’s plays, Romeo and Juliet, Beatrice and Benedict, Miranda and Ferdinand, Antony and Cleopatra, would have talked obscenely together, which is not the case (107).    West’s interpretation of Ophelia’s character is not a consensus feeling among critics, so her innocence is challenged but not overturned. Beginning now with the play, the reader/viewer sees that the protagonist of the tragedy, Prince Hamlet, initially appears dressed in solemn black. He is mourning the death of his father, supposedly by snakebite, while he was away at Wittenberg as a student. Hamlet laments the hasty remarriage of his mother to his father’s brother, an incestuous act; thus in his first soliloquy he cries out, â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman!† Ophelia enters the play with her brother Laertes, who, in parting for school, bids her farewell and gives her advice regarding her relationship with Hamlet. Op... ...Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint of Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 http://www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.            

Biblical Worldview Essay Essay

Genesis 1 – 11 recounts the story of the Creation of the heavens, earth, and mankind, the fall of man into sin, and God’s original covenant with Moses. From these chapters in Genesis, many of the questions of life are answered for us. We learn whether there is a God, where we came from, how to tell right from wrong, and what our relationship with God should be. Genesis 1 – 11 sets down an early guide for us on how we should live our lives to honor God, how we can learn from past human errors, and how to deepen our relationship with God, all of which can help to shape our worldview. Right away in Genesis, we learn the story of creation and that God exists and created the heavens, earth, mankind, and all of the creatures that live on earth. Genesis 1:27 shows that life was created by God, stating â€Å"So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them† (NIV). This helps us learn right away the relationship to God that we have. God created us in His image and created us to be perfect. God also, however, gave us the ability to sin by giving us free will. Genesis 5:1-32 shows again that man was created by God and shows that man descended from Adam and Eve, even listing the descendants and how long they lived. By showing how God created life, man, and all the creatures on earth, Genesis helps us to understand how we should relate to Him and how we should view His creation. God created perfect humans and God created a perfect world. But He also left the ability for us to choose whether we remained perfect. One thing we definitely learn from the story of original sin in Genesis is that our God is a loving God. Once Adam and Eve had eaten the forbidden fruit, God very easily could have struck them down and started mankind over again. Instead, God allowed Adam and Eve to live on, casting them out from the Garden of Eden in Genesis 3:23. Shortly after this, we also read the story of Cain and Able, with Cain killing his brother Able. God again does not strike down the sinner, but choses to again cast Cain out from the land in which he was living. And while God could have chosen to punish Cain by making it so that he could not have children, God was loving in allowing Cain to reproduce with his wife and also allowing Adam and Eve to reproduce again, giving them another son to replace Able. God showed love by not being too harsh on the sinners. This goes helps us to form our view of God. It shows us that God is not just a loving God, but He is also a forgiving God also. Allowing mankind to carry on even after such heinous acts instead of starting over again with a more perfect species shows us that our God is a great God and we should strive to live a life that will honor His love and forgiveness. As we read further along into Genesis, we see the lineage from the time of Adam until the time of Noah. We see that sin has started to run rampant in the world before Noah’s time. But we also learn in Genesis 6:9b that â€Å"Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his generation; Noah walked with God† (NIV). This is to say that Noah was following the pathway set down before him to live a life honoring God. Because Noah was living in this way, God spared Noah. God would send a great flood to earth to destroy all of mankind. God, however, made the first covenant with Noah, saying that because of how they lived their lives, He would spare them from the flood and allow them to continue mankind’s rule over the earth. This shows us not only that there are repercussions for our sins, but that God also will love and spare those who are living in a way that honors Him. Because Noah and his family were righteous, God made another covenant with them, showing them a rainbow after the flood and making the promise to never bring such destruction upon His people again. This shows us the relationship that God had with us as humans and the value that God put in promises. It also shows what God was willing to do to our civilization as a punishment for not living a righteous life that honored Him. Although God made the covenant to never bring this destruction upon us again, we need to know the power of God and what He could do to us if He wanted. After the great flood, we see the blood lines of Noah and his family. Genesis then turns its attention to the Tower of Babel. Mankind was building a tower, hoping that it would be able to reach to heaven. But when God saw this, He decided that His people would become too content and may try to  make things too easy for themselves. He therefore created different languages for all of His people to speak and spread His people all around the earth. God wanted civilization to have many different roots and many different stories. If we were to flourish as a people, we would need to be able to spread our wings. This was the start of many different civilizations that still exist in our world today. We learn that God doesn’t want us to have one story from which to learn, He wants us to have many stories from which we can learn different lessons. Genesis 1 – 11 gives us the first guidelines for what we can expect from God and how we should try to honor Him with our lives. We learn that our God is a loving and forgiving God, that we learn that God created us in His image, that God wants us to rule over the earth, that God will spare those whom He thinks are living a life to honor Him, and that God created many different civilizations from which we can learn many different lessons. Genesis 1 – 11 is a great start to learning more about ourselves, learning more about God, and learning more about how we should view this world with which God has blessed us.