International Management Essay Example for Free

International Management EssayProblem StatementJabwood International is contemplating international expansion into reinvigorated foodstuffs specifically, Saudi Arabia and China to compensate for a decline in revenues.Problem CausesThe Middle Eastern situation, specifically the uprising in Syria.The borders between Lebanon and Syria being unlikable causing the companys main wood supplier TANITA to expand to early(a) timber companies.Jabwoods market sh be and sales volume had a drop of 20 %.Jabwood does not dumbfound any business in Saudi Arabia which has the Biggest Market in the Middle East for wood products. Jabwood does not have any business in China which the potential for wood products have increased every year due to the population.The company depends on one study Supplier, which constituted 60 to 70 percent of its revenue source.Managers argon under tremendous Pressure to meet sales quotas and avoid any conflict with TANITA because it generates nearly of Jabwoods re venue.Jabwood has no succession plan incorporated and discussion for it is considered Taboo.Finally managerial positions were only extended to family members only, which shows favoritism to those individuals and no advancement or promotion to other employees.Possible AlternativesJabwood needs to incorporate a succession plan as well as extend managerial positions to non-family members, doing so will reinvigorate the employees and falsify their views on the company. Jabwood has two difficult decisions whether to expand to a place they know Saudi- Arabia or to China which they have no Knowledge in.Saudi-Arabia ExpansionJabwood operated in Saudi Arabia before and had established operations with one of the Jabado brothers Adnan During the time they had business in the country. Saudi- Arabia generated half of Jabwood international sales. Jabwoods market share dropped once they withdrew from Saudi-Arabia. Expansion with Saudi- Arabia does have its pros and cons.Pros firstly year sales ar e 10% of the target market.Sales growth is estimated at 100 % in two years.There are no restrictions on mobility of funds.Capital can be 100% foreign.Processed wood products are exempted from import taxes.Government Stability is at 61 which means it is not possible for the country to go unstable.Saudi- Arabia is in the Middle East and it also an Islamic country which Jabwood international is familiar with that market.ConsTariffs on lumber are 12%.28 million population does not compare to the 13 population in China and the citizens who need homes there.0% forest areas1 million CBM to import wood.82 % of the country are urban areas meaning less places required for wood construction.$686.00 to import per container.Sawn timber is not needed.China ExpansionChina is a ample market for wood products, Demand for wood is through the roof. The Chinese wood industry has been Prospering since 2010. They have become the biggest producer and exporter of WBP and plywood in the world, they are th e secondment biggest importer of wood products in the world.ProsA new regulation in Shanghai allows the replacement of sloppy rooftops to be replaced with sawn timber, this would be a huge market for Jabwood International. Tariffs on lumber are low.Only 150 million CBM is produced locally.The 13 billion population alone demands the demand at an astounding number for wood. country areas are at a higher percentage, meaning more room for building houses. Cost of imports are at a less cost than in Saudi-Arabia.Sawn timber is needed.ConsFirst years sales are at 2% of the target market.Sales growth estimates are at 0% by the second year.China law does not guarantee re-transfer of capital, annual transfer of dividends, and transfer of capital in cases of termination. No exclusivity to sell TANITA products in China.Establishing a representative situation in a foreign country in $60,000. The Chinese wood market is known to have stringent requirements with regard to wood sizes and quality . The Communist laws in China might lead to issues in business practices. Staff must know Chinese regulations and speak Chinese to have an easier time trying to carry off with the strict business administrative procedures. Chinese people are afraid that houses made of wood are prone to natural disasters.DecisionJabwood International should make the decision to re-establish its connections in Saudi-Arabia and began working there immediately.JustificationEven though the Market in China is more in demand since there are 13 billion people. There are much more cons to expand there than there would be in Saudi-Arabia. Also expanding in China would be very risky, since Jabwood International never did any type of business there before. Jabwood International has experience in Saudi-Arabia and they made ab knocked out(p) 50% of their sales when they did do business there, which justifies why they should return there.Action StepsFayez Jabado should conduct a meeting with Imad and Mahmoud Jaba do since they are familiar with the Saudi market and begin plans to expand out there as soon as possible. Adnan Jabado should be head leader or in charge of the operations in Saudi-Arabia since he has done so before. It only takes 5 days to start a business in the country so operations can began sooner than expected. Some issues that may revoke are the high costs of tariffs and corporate tax rate. The Jabado brothers should divide the tasks among each other so the expansion can go as smoothly as possible.

Education Through Imagination Essay Example for Free

precept Through Imagination EssayWilliam Butler Yeats said, Education is non filling a bucket but lighting a fire.(The Language of Composition, Yeats page 174) As a high school pupil aim to be an actress, I most certainly agree with his intelligent statement. Education to me, just as to Yeats, is not somewhat having the maximum capacity of friendship in every subject it is finding that burning desire to learn virtually whatever it is that interests you. It is unnecessary to fill our heads with facts that will essentially be useless in our future, personal lives. Instead, we should be inspired to go and learn about the subjects that we atomic number 18 passionate towards, or at least what is related to those passions.For instance, as a student working in the direction of becoming a theatre major, it is not under my impression that it should be mandatory of me to participate in classes that do not involve some type of lessons that will aid my acting c beer. Here is an examp le Im not going to rely on my knowledge of math or science to pursue a successful profession in theatre. But as an alternative I should become well-informed about many types of literature. The subject of English will be the most helpful to me while going through life as a performer of the arts.Yeats comment of education reminds me somewhat of another quote from the highly gifted Albert wiz. Einstein said, I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my caprice. Imagination is more than important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world. (GoodReads, Einstein, www. Goodreads.com/quotes/tag/imagination). Both of them touch on the grandeur of the free mind, and how some knowledge is not always necessarily indispensable in life. Now, dont misunderstand the meanings of these expressions. By no means should knowledge as a whole be absent from your qualities, but your primary(prenominal) focus should not be to overflow your mind with knowledge. This topic is very controversial- most people would disagree in a heartbeat. People who disagree throw away a right to their opinion, but, they must also respect the opposing one too. The way that these theories are worded just provokes close-minded people to argument. But, if they were to try and understand the importance of what your imagination can t distributively you, they may change their minds. From my personal standpoint, by practicing the art of imagination, and by allowing my mind chase its dreams, I have fueled a spark in myself that has lit a fire. This fire is why I burn to be educated about the performing arts and all of the pretty things I learn about myself while doing so. I have learned more and more about myself every day that I let my imagination educate me. My experiences at school have never come close to revealing the amount of truth in learning as my minds eye has. Einstein also said, Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school. (A lbert Einstein, brainyquote.com) Therefore, it is what we take away from our education that shows what we have really learned. These are the things we will apply in our lives. We will prosper through the things we enjoy, and forget the useless information. Though to say what information is useless is entirely up to each individual. Also, as time passes we may change our minds as to what is useful to us or not, but that is the beauty of being able to change our minds and educate ourselves about whatever makes us happy.It is passion that drives us, and passion that will truly educate us. Develop a passion for learning. If you do, you will never cease to grow. (Anthony J. DAngelo, quotationsbook.com/quote) If you are to take anything away from these words let it be this Have a desire to learn, and be passionate about your education.

The Salafi Movement In Global Context Theology Religion Essay

The Salafi Movement In Global Context Theology Religion probeSalafism (al-Salafiyyah) is a modern Moslem global battlefront, which is concerned with a search for the pure teachings of Islam as prescribed in the Quran and the prophet Muhammads tradition (sunnah) by rejecting any external influences and human involvement in the interpretation of spectral texts. The proponents of Salafism define themselves to be the inheritors of the pre-modern Ahl al-Hadits (people of the Prophet tradition). In their view, this school of thought was the only root word that rebrinyed faithful to the pure teachings of Islam as prescribed in the Quran and the Sunnah so that it was considered the saved sect. They base their claim on a hadith (the Prophet Muhammad sayings) that the Prophet Muhammad was reported to make state that there would always be a group of his people who remained committed to the truth, whom the Salafis get a store as the Ahl al-Hadith (Duderija, 2011). By claiming to be the inheritors of the Ahl al-Hadith and followers of its footsteps, the proponents of contemporary Salafi action attempt to assert that they have privilege and take pride to be the guardians of the pure Islam in modern result.The proponents of contemporary Salafism identify themselves, and are proud to be, as salafi (plural salafiyyin), the followers of al-salaf al-shalih(the righteous ancestors). For them, the terminal figure salaf refers to the initiative three Moslem generations in the primaeval Islam, who were considered as the best Moslem generations as they were directly guided by the Prophet Muhammad and his Companions. This self-ascription is based on their belief that their understanding and practicing Islam is in complete accordance with the footsteps and methodology of the salaf (manhaj al-salaf). Abdullah ibn Baz, one of the main Salafi politics, express that Salafi ideology is derived from the Quran, Sunnah and Consensus (ijma) which govern the method of acquiring din religion and understanding the Quran and Sunnah according to the principles agreed upon by the righteous predecessors (salaf) (Cited in Duderija, 201154). overdue to this strong emphasis on the Salaf as the only model of understanding and practicing Islam, Salafism can be said as a movement of return to the male parent (Marshallsay, 2004).Major Authorities of the Contemporary Salafi MovementWithin contemporary Salafi movement, the most prestigious proponents are the inwardness eastboundern Muslim scholars with Saudi-Arabian nationality or Saudi-educated, university educated, more gained PhDs in Moslem sciences from Saudi universities. These include Nashir al-Din al-Albani (d.1999), Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz (d. 1999), Muhammad ibn Shalih al-Uthaymin (d. 2001), Muqbil ibn Hadi al-Wadii (d. 2001), Rabi ibn Hadi al-Madkhali (b. 1931), Yahya al-Hajuri, and Shalih al-Fawzan. The dominance of Saudi Arabian or Saudi-educated religious scholars (ulema) asserts the centrality of Saudi Arabia as the birth of modern Salafism. As the main representative of the Salafi movement, these ulama become major references that Salafi leaders and ordinary followers in the Muslim world turn to for guidance and advice in their lives.Outside the Middle East, leading personalities of Salafism in occidental countries such as Jamal Zarabozo and Bilal Philips (Duderija, 2011) mostly become the mouthpiece of these Middle East authorities, translating their Salafi messages for the Western Salafi followers. The identical is true for the leaders of the Salafi movement in In makesia. Most of them went to Saudi and Yemen universities or Islamic religious learning institutions (mahad) to study Islamic knowledge. These include Abu Nida, Ahmad Faiz, Yusuf Baisa, Jafar Umar Thalib, Ayip Syafrudin, Luqman Baabduh and Muhammad Umar Sewed (Hasan, 2007 2009). Compared to their topical anestheticly trained Salafi proponents, these Middle East graduates commonly enjoy more authority and recognit ion from their followers due to their highly-esteemed learning in Mecca or Medinah, two holy cities of Islam. Yet, all of these Salafi exponents engage the Saudi and Yemeni Salafi authorities as major, and to some extent, the only references in learning and preaching Salafi ideas among Indonesian Muslims.The Middle East Salafi authorities write treatises on Salafi ideas only if in Arabic. But, this is non a major barrier for Salafi followers from non-Arabic speaking countries to understand the messages of these Salafi ulama. The Salafi followers and sympathizers have attempted to translate the whole kit of these Salafi ulama into local languages. For this purpose, in Western countries, they have found publishing ho gives, including Tarbiyyah Publications in Toronto, Invitation to Islam and Al-Khilafat Publications in London, and Salafi Publications and Maktabah Darussalam in Birmingham. Mobilizing the information and communication technologies, they have created websites such as www.salafipublications.com, www.tarbiyyahbookstore.com, http//sunna.com, www.salaf.com, and www.fatwa-online.com. Individual Salafi authorities websites have been alike established by the Salafi donjoners, such as www.binbaz.com (on the plant of Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz), www.rabee.net (on the works of Rabi ibn Hadi al-Madkhali), and www.ibnothaimeen.com (on the works of Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin) (Duderija, 2011).The Puzzle of the Origin and Meaning of SalafismFor decades, there has been conviction among Western and Western-educated scholars that history of Salafism is a history of Islamic modernity that Salafi ideas are regarded as similar to those of Islamic modernist movement and the Salafis are representatives of Muslim modernist. It is believed that Salafism dates back to the 19th Islamic contemporaneity, which was associated with Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897), Muhammad Abduh (d. 1905), and Rashid Ridha (d. 1935), whose principles and ideas include rejection of taqlid ( blind following), promotion of ijtihad (independent interpretation), and support of progress and rationality in its responses to the decline of the Muslim world. As Lauziere (2010) identifies, this conception can be seen in the standard donnish works of Islamic thought such as Brills Encyclopedia of Islam, Malcolm Kerrs Islamic Reform (1966), M. A. Zaki Badawis The Reformers of Egypt (1978), and Daniel Browns Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought (1996). Some juvenile studies by scholars of contemporary Islam, such as Ali Hassan Zaidi (2006) and Dumber and Tayob (2011), excessively connect Salafi orientations with Muslim reformists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.However, this conception is ruffianly in some wonders. First, there is no convincing evidence to the claim of the connection among Salafism, al-Afghani, and Abduh. According to Lauziere (2010), there are no primary sources including al-Urwat al-Wuthqa, a flagship journal of al-Afghani and Abduh, that well prove the claim that al-Afghani and Abduh coined the term Salafism and used it to identify themselves and their reform movement in the 19th century. It is true that Abduh mentioned the term al-Salafiyyin (the Salafis) in Al-Manar (Al-Manar 5, 1902 cited in Lauziere 2010) to designate Sunni Muslims who were against Ashariyyah, a 10th century school of speculative Islamic devotion,1in terms of theological issues based on their rigorous adherence to the creed of the forefathers (Lauziere, 2010). But, Abduh clearly did not claim to be a Salafi nor identified his followers as Salafis. He simply referred al-Salafiyyin in the context of theological debates as Sunni Muslims who differed from Asharites based on their strict adherence to aqidat al-salaf (the creed of the forefather) (Lauziere, 2010). muchover, Rasyid Ridha, one of Muhammad Abduhs main disciples, recognized the fundamental differences between Salafism and Islamic modernist school, which his mentor promoted. According to Ridha, following the Salafi creed did not necessarily make one committed to Islamic modernist school. During his time, Ridha identified Salafism as Wahhabism to which he called al-Wahhabiyyah al-Salafiyyah. Later, in 1928 he and some of his disciples declared their passage to becoming Salafis not only with respect to Islamic theology but also in fiqh or Islamic jurisprudence (Lauziere, 2010).Second, the unconfirmed claim of ideological connection between contemporary Salafism and the early 20th century Islamic modernism can be seen in the issue of how each defines the term Salaf. While the two movements shared the idea of the splendour of the pious ancestors, they differ in the issue of to what extent the Salaf is defined and how it should be modelled. The proponents of Islamic modernism conceived that the term Salaf includes virtually the Muslim scholars of all schools of thought in the medieval period whose triumph and achievements should be contextually propagated and imitat ed in spite of appearance modern Muslim contexts. The early 20th century Salafism understood the Salaf as Muslim scholars in religious science as well as in profane science of the sumptuous age of Islam in the medieval period that should be contextually followed.In contrast, the proponents of contemporary Salafism restrict the Salaf to the first three generations in the early Islam, namely the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (al-shahabat), those after them (al-tabiin) and the next generation after them (atbau al-tabiin). They also include religious scholars (ulama) in the first and second centuries of Islam who were considered to adhere to the way of these first three Muslim generations, particularly Ahmad bin Hanbal and the followers of his textual school. These Salaf generations and Salafi ulama were considered rightly guided forefathers and, hence, role models to whom Muslims are obliged to follow their ways in any circumstances. In addition, when the proponents of contempo rary Salafism speak about the Salaf, they use it in its narrow religious sense. Practically, they exclude, show suspicion and hostility towards social, cultural and scientific inheritance of the Muslim forefathers. In their view, the perfect method of modelling the Salaf in the contemporary Muslim societies is preserving and imitating their footsteps without contextualizing them in the present contexts.Third, the issue of the unconfirmed ideological connection between Salafism and the late 19th century Islamic modernism can be discerned in differences between them with respect to methodology and objectives. In response to the decline of the Islamic world, the Islamic modernism of al-Aghani and Abduh was committed to islah (reform) in Muslim society through promotion of itidal (moderation and balance) by which Muslims were expected to conduct conciliation between Islam and Western civilization. It encouraged the appreciation and adoption of social, political and scientific achieveme nts of Western civilization and at the same rooted firmly in Islamic principles and civilization. In other words, al-Afghani and Abduhs Islamic modernism was a moderate get along to Islam and Western civilization in that it was able to balance between revelation and reason, and between strict Islamic conservatism and blind following of the West (Lauziere, 2010).Contemporary Salafism, in contrast, aims to revive the golden age of Islam by adhering strictly to the ways of the first three Muslim generations in the early Islam understood and practiced Islam to protect its purity from forbidden religious innovation. From this perspective, the making of the Salaf as a perfect model requires strict applying the Salaf method in social and cultural vacuum, without contextualizing their ideas and practices within present contexts of the Muslim world. Subsequently, this movement regards revealed texts as the only primary sources so that its proponents tend to be anti-rationalistic approach to revelation. The proponents of contemporary Salafism are also suspicious of anything not textually written in the scripture, taught or done by the Prophet Muhammad, his companions and religious scholars adhered to their ways. Conservatism, or even ultra conservatism, is highly represented in contemporary Salafi movement.As a result, there is no enough evidence to claim ideological connection between the late 19th and early 20th centurys Islamic modernism and the contemporary Salafi movement. There is no support that Al-Afghani and Abduh proclaimed they were Salafis or exponents of the Salafi movement or their ideas were in accordance with contemporary Salafism. The modernist conception of Salafism substantially differs from the contemporary Salafisms understanding of the same term. Within contemporary Salafi movement, salafism is conceived first and foremost as pock by Sunni purist-literalist-traditionalists to designate their particular approach to Islam.Conceptual History of Sal afismUndoubtedly, the uncertainty of the origin and signification of Salafism within modern eruditeness has caused the substance of Salafism remain puzzling. Fortunately, a recent study by Henri Lauziere (2010) is helpful in solving this puzzle and gaining relative certainty in the issues of the origin and meaning of Salafism. He argues that the puzzle of the meaning and origins of Salafism is attributable to the faulty scholarship and the fact that there is little scholarly attention to the examination of the history of knowledge exertion of Salafism (Lauziere, 2010369).The First Use of the Term SalafismHistorically speaking, Salafism as a religious orientation is not purely a modern phenomenon. Rather, it rooted in the Islamic scholarship in pre-modern history of Islam. The early use of the term Salafism (Salafiyyah) as an approach to religious texts is found in a number of religious scholars works in the medieval period. For example, Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1238) writes in his al-Fat awa al-KubraAs for the Salafiyya it is as Hamd ibn Muhammad al-Khattabi and Abu Bakr al-Khatib al-Bagdadi and other have stated The way of the Salaf is to interpret literally the Quran verses and hadiths that relate to the Divine attributes (ijra ayat al-sifat wa ahadits al-sifat ala zahiriha), and without indicating modality and without attributing to Him anthropomorphic qualities. So that one is not to state that the meaning of hand is power or that of hearing is knowledge (Cited in Haykel, 200938).However, as Haykel (2009) and Dumbe Tayob (2011) suggest, the historic precedent of the Salafi orientations even dates back earlier to the 9th century theological and juridical debates between the Ahl al-Ray (people of opinion), which was associated with the Mutazilah,2and Ahl al-Hadith (people of the Prophet Muhammads tradition), which was related to Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 855), the inspirer of the Hanbali school of law (Hanbaliyyah).3Particularly, the early use of the term Salaf and it s derivatives in this period can be traced back to the Ahl al Hadits. It is reported that Ibn Hanbal saidIt has been transmitted from more than one of our ancestors (salafina) that they said the Quran is the quarrel of God and is uncreated, and this is what I endorse. I do not engage in speculative theology and I hold that there is nothing to be said other than what is in Gods Book (Quran), the traditions of His messenger or those of his companions and their followers- may God have mercy on them. It is not praiseworthy to engage in theological discussion in matters not contained therein (Cited in Haykel, 200938).These statements not only refer to the early use of the terms Salaf and Salafism within Islamic scholarship, but also points out the way of thinking that the early Salafis advocated in regard to theological issues such as the nature of the Quran as Gods messages revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. With respect to the approach to the interpretation of religious texts, the Ahl al-Ray represented Muslims scholars who sought explanations from personal opinions and borrowings from other cultures and quick-witted traditions, while the Ahl al-Hadits sufficed themselves with literal meanings of the texts and tradition of the Prophet and his companions believed as pure and accredited sources of Islam.Another corresponding term, madhhab al-salaf (the school of forefathers), is found in the literature of Muslim scholars of medieval period. As Lauziere (2010372) suggests, written sources also indicate that medieval Muslims scholars used this term primarily in the theological debates within early schools of theology in Islam. The notion of madhhab al-salaf was used to designate those who hold a theological purity in a time when early Muslims were not faced yet with speculative theology (ilm al-kalam) resulted from the encounter of Islam and other world civilizations. The proponents of madhhab al-salaf showed hostility towards Islamic speculative theology (ilm al-k alam) which was influenced by Greek inspiration and rationalism such ilm al-mantiq (syllogistic logic) and falsafah (philosophy). Contrary to Islamic theologians (mutakalimin) such as Mutazilis and Asharites, the people of the madhhab al-salaf distanced themselves from intellectualizing the forebode issues, such as al asma wal sifat (the divine names and attributes). However, the word Salafi or Salafism was not commonly used by medieval purist Muslims to refer to themselves and their approach to Islam. Instead, the common epithets used to refer to the purists at the period were not derived from the word salaf, but rather from the terms associated with the Prophet Muhammads tradition, such as Ahl al-Sunnah (people of the prophetic tradition), Ahl al-Hadist (people of prophetic sayings and sayings) or al-Atsari (the follower of the prophetic report) (Lauziere, 2010373).The Origin of the mix-up of Salafism Louis Massignon and the Salafyah ReviewA recent study by Lauziere (2010) revea led the origin of the confusion between Salafism and Islamic modernism in scholarly literature. He argues that puzzle of Salafism lies in the fact Massignon and scholars who quoted him were not aware of the complex development of the Salafi epithets within Muslim scholars in the Middle East. They simply relied on al-Majallah al-Salafiyyah, a monthly reformist journal impress by Salafiyya Bookstore in Egypt -whose key role in Salafi discourses will be examined in the following section- that reached overseas including Paris. Being established in 1917, the journal was edited by Abd al-Fattah Qatlan and rendered by him into English as Salafyah Review. The journal was purported to serve as a marketing vehicle for reaching a wider readership of the Salafiyyah Bookstore. More importantly, the journal was created in the period in which the reform spirit overwhelmed the Salafiyyah Bookstore before the coming of the Saudi-Wahhabi influence on the type of literature it published. So, in line with the reform spirit, the journal aimed to spread the achievements of the pious ancestors (al-salaf) in a wide range of scientific, cultural and intellectual fields. In line with this spirit, the content of the journal encompassed motley themes such as literature, linguistics, and astronomy in addition to religious topics (Lauziere, 2010379).It was through this journal that the term Salafism caught the attention of Western scholars (Lauziere, 2010). Louis Massignon, a well-known French orientalist and the major contributor to the leading journal recap du monde musulman, subscribed to Arabic journals including al-Majallah al-Salafiyyah. When the first issue of the journal reached his journal office, Massignon provided explanation of the Majallah al-Salafiyyah to the readers of his journal. He said that the Salafiyyah was an intellectual movement that emerged in early 19th century India at the time of Sayyid Ahmad Barelwi (d. 1931) and Siddiq Hasan Khan (d. 1890), the founder of the Ahl-i Hadith movement, had later rehashed its ideas (Cited in Lauziere, 2010380). Then, he added that from there, the Salafiyyah was spread by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Syaikh Abduh and established itself in Baghdad, Damascus, capital of Egypt and even in the Maghrib and Java (Revue du monde musulman 34, 1916-18 in Lauziere, 2010380). But, later Massignon abolished the connection of the Salafiyyah with the 19th century Indian movement and focused more on its link with al-Afghani and Abduh. Then, he associated Salafiyyah with a relatively transnational Islamic modernism in the 19th century, whose proponents were committed to reform in Islam and Muslim societies (Lauziere, 2010).However, Massignons claim of Salafism is problematic as it raised questions with respect to conceptual and historical foundations of Salafism he based on. It is not clear how he came to this claim though it is known that he analyse Islam in Baghdad and made contacts with some reform-oriented Muslim scho lars like Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi. Due to this, it can be said that Massignon misinterpreted the term Salafiyyah and inadequately made Salafism and Islamic modernism of al-Afghani and Abduh synonymous (Lauziere, 2010).Nevertheless, as Lauziere (2010381) shows, some leading scholars welcomed Massignons definition of Salafism and even took its validity for granted despite its factual limitations. The famous The New World of Islam, published in 1921, repeated this misinterpretation when made reference to Salafiyyah. In 1922, the leading journal The Moslem World published by Hartford Seminary did the same when it translated an article of Massignon from the Revue du monde musulman. This is further misinterpreted by Henri Laoust, a scholar who spread Massignons ideas in French, when in his seminal article in 1932 defined Salafism based on Massignons conception. Even influential scholar Sir Hamilton Gibb took Massignons claim of Salafism for granted in his famous Modern Trends in Islam. Hen ce, it is through this intellectual transmission that the term Salafism with the sense of Islamic modernist movement was created within Western scholarly literature on Islam.The Evolution of SalafismIf there is no connection with al-Afghani and Abduhs Islamic modernism of the late 19th century, who first used the Salafi commemorate as understood today? And how was it defined? As Lauziere (2010) argues, to remedy this puzzle requires considering the origin and development of the term Salafism from the perspective of conceptual history.According to Lauziere (2010, the growing popularity of Salafi epithets as well as overlap between Salafism and Islamic modernism can be attributed to a key role played by the Salafiyah Bookstore (al-Maktabat al-Salafiyyah). It was established in 1909 in Cairo by Muhib al-Din al-Khatib (1886-1969), a Syrian activist, well-known figure in the Egyptian publishing business, and pupil of Salafis-cum-modernists ulama, Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi (d. 1914) and Tah ir al-Jazairi (d. 1920). Al-Khatibs involvement in cultural and political affairs opened the opportunity to establish the bookstore aimed at spreading his interests in Islamic scholarship and reformist ideas under the estimate Salafiyyah (Salafism). The name Salafiyyah for the bookstore was inspired by al-Khatibs mentor, Tahir al-Jazairi, who had inclinations to the madhhab al-salaf (school of the forefathers) with respect to Islamic theology.But, it seemed that al-Khatib misinterpreted the term Salafiyyah or understood it in a broader sense than al-Jazairi meant (Lauziere, 2010). This is reflected in the way he and his partner, Abdul Fattah Qatlan (d. 1931), operated the Salafiyyah Bookstore, particularly in terms of the type of literature they published. Being motivated by desires to encourage educated Arab readers to rediscover the glory of their religious, social and cultural hereditary pattern for the advancement of their society, al-Khatib and Qatlan were not confined themse lves in printing and selling books on the Salafi theology. Rather, they published works on progressive nature of Islams golden age as well as a wide range of issues not connected to religious reform. They used the Salafi epithets to refer virtually to any Islamic intellectual heritage in medieval period, not in a narrow sense of a particular school of theology. In addition to treatises on religion, the Salafiyyah Bookstore published works on Arabic literature, Arabic grammar, and work of medieval Muslim philosophers such al-Farabi (d.950) and Ibn Sina (d.1037). In short, the literature that the Salafiyyah Bookstore published and sold in the 1910s was in accordance with the spirit and concerns of Islamic modernism (Lauziere, 2010378).The selection and publication of this type of literature suggest that al-Khatib and Qatlan attempted to revive the works of the great Muslim scholars and punctuate the Muslimss contribution to modernity in the West of modern age. Under the label Salafis m, they sought to emphasize the compatibility between revelation and modernity as shown by the works of great and pious forefathers (Salaf) in the past by which Muslims in the modern age should model for the revival and advancement of the Islamic world. In turn, all this resulted in turning Salafiyyah into a common and popular term among producers and consumers of Arabic literature in the Middle East and other Muslim regions (Lauziere, 2010382). More importantly, an impression make up that the Salafiyyah Bookstore intertwined the term Salafism with Islamic modernism projected to the revival of Arabs and Muslims in the modern period. The label Salafism it used was then considered as to represent the success and greatness of the Islamic past. The bookstore expanded the scope of the term Salafism beyond its initial theological meanings and gradually created the association between Salafism and the project of Islamic modernism (Lauziere, 2010377).The later development of the Salafiyyah Bookstore, however, determined the association of Islamic modernism and Salafism and brought about decisive changes in the nature and development of Salafism after the establishment of the Saudi earth in the early 1920s. The bookstore experienced a shift with respect to choices of works for publication. This began with the change in the choice of works for publication. In the early 1920s, al-Khatib and Qatlan began to print works that appeared contradictive to the progressive and rationalist ideas of the Islamic reform movement though they kept promoting Islamic modernism. For example, the Salafiyyah Bookstore published works of those who strongly opposed the secular and controversial works of Ali Abd al-Raziq and Taha Husayn. It also published anti-rationalist treatises by Hanbali and his school followers ordered by Saudis. This shift in the choice of publications was more clearly observable in the establishment of the Saudi branch of the Salafiyyah Bookstore in Mecca in the late 1920 initiated by Qatlan in partnership with a Hijazi Muhammad Salih Nasif (d.1971). In 1928, to suit the local needs, this Saudi branch began to publish works on Ahmad ibn Hanbal and his supporters as well pro-Wahhabi books such a theological treatise by Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292-1350), which was printed with the request and fund from Ibn Saud (d. 1932), the first monarch butterfly of Saudi Arabia (Lauziere, 2010383).This shift within the Salafiyya Bookstores choice of publications, according to Lauziere (2010), should be seen in the context of political change in the Muslim world in the middle 1920s. The fall of the Ottoman Empire and the abolition of Islamic caliphate in the early 1920s brought about political and cultural turbulence within the Muslim world. At the same time, however, the rise of the Saudi Kingdom in Hejaz offered Muslim ummah (global Muslim community) a great hope of social and political renaissance in the Muslim world. Therefore, many Muslims intellect uals and religious scholars, including Rasyid Ridha, supported the young Saudi state and turned toward religious conservatism, particularly Wahhabism,4founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), and endorsed as an official school of Islam and promoted by the state. Al-Khatib showed the same response to these circumstances. He opted to support the young Saudi state and showed respect to the Wahhabism and its proponents. These religio-political stances influenced the activities of his Salafiyyah Bookstore. This was reflected in the change of choices of editing and publishing when it began to publish the Wahhabi treatises and pro-Saudi works.Although Lauziere missed to capture the complexity of social and political transformation in the Muslim world in the first quarter of twentieth century, his argument was sufficient to overcome to the puzzle of Salafism by making sense of the evolution of Salafism. By publishing pro-Wahhabi works to cater the religious and political needs of the Saudi elite and proponents of Wahhabism, the Salafiyyah Bookstore brought its commercial label Salafism closer to Wahhabism. Though the Cairo Salafiyyah Bookstore still published modernist themes, the popularization and commodification of the Salafi epithets by the Saudi branch of the Salafiyyah Bookstore had brought the Wahhabi religious orientation to the fore. The unfounded intellectual association between Salafism (Salafiyyah) and al-Afghani and Abduhs Islamic reform as well as the absence of the monopoly over Salafism as a marketing brand that al-Khatib and Qatlan might have opened opportunity to the proponents of the Wahhabi-oriented purist movement kept using Salafiyyah as the label of their publications ignoring any modernist agenda as initiated by the original Salafi Bookstore in Cairo (Lauziere, 2010). It can be added that given that they shared the strong reference to the pious forefather (al-salaf al-shalih) with respect to theological issues with the Salafiyyah Boo kstore, at least in its early age of operation, the proponents of Wahhabism had no difficulties in taking the advantage of using Salafism as their label of spreading the purist ideas of Ibn al-Wahhab.Through these religious-political processes, consequently, the Salafi epithets experienced re-definition and counter-definitions. More importantly, this gradually created the impression that the term Salafism and Wahhabism of Saudi Arabia were synonymous. The opening of the Saudi-connected Salafiyyah bookstores outside Saudi Arabia, such as in Syria and Pakistan, enforced this impression (Lauziere, 2010). Undoubtedly, this evolution of Salafism explains the state of the contemporary development of the Salafi movement with Saudi Arabia as its major supporter. Due to the fact that it is a contemporary phenomenon that assigns the epistemological value to traditions, Adis Duderija (20072011) labels the proponents of this contemporary Salafism as Neo-Traditional Salafis.In its later develop ment, in the 1960s Wahhabi-inspired Salafism encountered with religious-political ideas brought by the Islamic activists who fled from their ruling governments repression and persecution found Saudi Arabia safe haven. This has to do with the Saudi Arabias policy under King Faisal (d. 1975) to support Islamic solidarity in its attempts to oppose Egypts pan-Arabism promoted by professorship Jamal Abdel Nasser (d. 1970), which was regarded as a threat to the existence of the kingdom (Lacroix, 2010).Among these refugees were the members of al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun (the Muslim Brotherhood), a religious-political movement that first emerged in Egypt in 1928 and then spread to the Muslim world. The political aspects of the ideology of al-Ikhwan al Muslimun encountered with the puritanical ideas of Wahhabism (Wahhabiyyah) brought about an intellectual hybrid identified as al-Sahwa al-Islamiyya (th

Economic Impact Of Marijuana Legalization Economics Essay

Economic Impact Of Marijuana Legalization Economics EssayDrug dealers in America have mastered the concept of supply and demand. They have identified their target audience and argon doing an incredible job at keeping ambition muckle. They rapidly work towards a monopoly in their respective areas. They even keep ahead of the game by obtaining the best product at the lowest impairment before hiking up the price to potential acquireers.They are running an underground gold mine and the giving medication hasnt been getting a penny of the proceeds. In fact, the political science and taxpayers spend between 20 and 25 billion dollars a year (Osler, 2012), on prosecuting dealers and incarcerating those who possess cannabis. But facts are facts and this is how America works. It may be for this argue that voters in Washington and Colorado decided to legalize ganja. On November 7, 2012, advance legislators in both Washington and Colorado passed an initiative and an amendment, respectiv ely, to allow for the possession, distri exception, and private volunteer(a) drop of cannabis.From an economic perspective, there would be numerous benefits to legalizing marihuana. The states expect to see a rapid decline in arrests for marijuana possession, saving money from the reduced need for truth enforcement for marijuana prohibition. This proves to potentially save Colorado alone an come of $40.1 zillion, (Stiffler, 2012), in salutes associated with incarceration. non only allow for the economic tinge of legalization of marijuana help save the government on law enforcement expenses, but it go out likewise encompass the possibility of large sums of revenue from the commercialize supply and demand of the newly legalized product, generating an impressive put on from sales tax. As a new industry emerges within the workforce, desperately needed employment opportunities will arise across the country, stimulating the miserliness by initially providing 4,200 new jobs ( Fottrell, 2012). It will also help upsurge our Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as more goods will be produced and retailed.The economic impact of the legalization of marijuana covers many aspects of the economy. In Mark Oslers U.S. Should Honor States New Pot Laws CNN.com, Osler discusses the conflict that arises from a state passing a law that contradicts a federal law. He examines the sides of both the proponents and opponents to the federal government cracking down on drug use in Colorado and Washington. Osler goes in depth about how the federalists support the States and want the government to leave them alone to govern their states how they choose, and how the moralists would like to see the federal government enforce the federal narcotics laws despite the voters decisions in the states. The hold also analyses how harder drugs deliver a lesser punishment than more minor drugs and how drug laws in the prehistorical have done little to permanently curb drug use.Amendment 64 wou ld produce $60 million in new revenue and savings for Colorado, by Christopher Stiffler, presents a systematic approach to how the government will benefit from the passing of the amendment. The article discusses the various ways that the legalization of marijuana will positively furbish up the economy and also describes in detail the how tax revenue will be generated and utilized to benefit Colorado. Stiffler also focuses on the details of the amendment itself and how a duty period in governmental thinking can save millions of taxpayer dollars.Quentin Fottrells How to Invest in Legalized Marijuana, describes the rapidly growing market demand for marijuana and marijuana related products. He gives descriptions of several marijuana centered companies and offers his whimsy on the direction of the economy. Fottrell also mentions how the marijuana market is spreading over to another(prenominal) industries and explains the benefits and pitfalls of investing in marijuana related stock.U nperturbed Puffery, by B.A., is an article that focuses on the likelihood of the Obama administration to enforce federal laws in Colorado and Washington. B.A. takes a strong stance on the issue and sides with the federalists who prefer a hands-off approach from the federal government. The articles examines the costs related to incarcerating multitude with marijuana related charges and concludes with mentioning how the government should have more chief(prenominal) issues to tend to than marijuana possession.Mike Moffatts Would Marijuana Legalization enlarge the Demand for Marijuana?, answers a readers question about the demand for marijuana if it becomes legal. Moffatt consults the experts to form an opinion on the issue. The experts seem to believe overall that demand will increase unless the price goes up too much, in which case it will digest the same. The article also mentions how the legalization of the drug may have the opposite issue because the allure of marijuana comes in part from the fact that it is illegal. Moffatt also looks at other countries experiences with the legalization of marijuana and concludes that legal or not, people will continue to use it.Should Governments Legalize and Tax Marijuana? by Mike Moffatt discusses the economics of drug dealers and compares their profits to potential profits that the government could make by legalizing marijuana. He breaks down the profit percentage from thoroughfare sales and considers a shift from street profit to governmental tax revenues. Moffatt also considers the health of the consumers and educational benefits that can arise from the legalization of marijuana.C. Whitakers The Economic Effects of Legalizing Marijuana, takes a look at the stemma aspect of legalizing marijuana. The article discusses how the underground cable can become legal and even how former underground drug dealers can get off eudaemonia and become legal entrepreneurs. Whitaker also examines the economic impact of the marij uana and how a lowered price would allow for funds to be worn-out(a) elsewhere in the economy. Whitaker claims in the article that the legalization of marijuana will help put an end to poverty by creating business opportunity for drug pushers and will also save money for prisons everywhere.As stated before, the economic impact of illegal marijuana comes at an expense to us all. This expense is obtained from the costs associated with cracking down on those who are buying and selling drugs, prosecuting them in the courts, and providing food and shelter for them in jail cells. concord to Mark Osler, the amount that has gone towards these efforts has been between 20 and 25 billion dollars a year for the past decade (Osler, 2012). When breaking these figures down, it is revealed that, 12.4% of federal prisoners convicted on drug charges were locked up for marijuana offenses. Thats about 11,630 people, at an average cost of $25,500 to $26,000 per person per year (B.A., 2012). Multiplyin g these figures yields a result of more than 290 million spent annually on jailing inmates, at the federal level, who were caught with marijuana. In the grand organization of things, this is quite a sum of money that could be allocated towards other things.A reporter for The Economist says that, Prosecuting people for marijuana offenses is a waste of resources (B.A., 2012). The reporters sentiment is silent based on the fact that, Four out of Five of the 1.64 million people arrested for drug violations were accused of possession, and half of those arrests were for carrying what were often very small amounts of marijuana (Osler, 2012). When comparing the effects of marijuana, a schedule 1 narcotic, and the effects of cocaine and opium, schedule 2 narcotics (less offensive), (Osler, 2012), it makes little sense that a substance that has no cognise scientific death toll, cancer causing side effects, or even evidence of universe an addictive substance should cause so many people to be put behind bars at tax payers expense. This is one reason why voters have decided to make marijuana legal in Washington and Colorado.The expense of police in Colorado alone shows substantial potential governmental savings. According to Christopher Stiffler and Colorados direct budget costs for enforcing marijuana prohibition, $40.1 million is spent annually enforcing marijuana prohibition, (Stiffler, 2012). This is seen in the chart below, (Stiffler 2012).Colorados direct budget costs for enforcing marijuana prohibitionAgencyTotal spendingPercent spent enforcing prohibitionAmount spent enforcing prohibitionPolice$82,676,4914.41$3,646,033Judicial$340,243,5787$23,817,050Corrections$634,934,0292$12,698,681Total$40.1 millionAs explained on a state and national level, legalizing marijuana has a very positive effect on the police expense, potentially creating a notable amount of revenue from savings alone.Not only are expenses a detriment from illegal marijuana but forgone profit is a negative effect as well. An economist named Stephen T. Easton conducted a aim using data from Canada to calculate the amount of tax revenue that legalizing marijuana could bring to the government (Moffatt, 2012). The study showed that the average price of .5 grams of marijuana sold for $8.60 on the street with a production cost of only $1.70. (Moffatt, 2012) These figures would amount to a $6.90 profit for drug dealers. Any survivor of an ECON 5003 course would know that with a profit like this, competition would be intense. What keeps these drug dealers with a local monopoly is the fact that the possession and distribution of marijuana is illegal and subject to serious jail time. This fortune factor is what keeps others from trying to get in on the action. This also keeps supply restricted and demand high for the product, leaving drug dealers with hefty profits at the expense of the government.Now that marijuana has been legalized, it is expected that the demand for marijuana wil l increase. With the risk factor gone, far more people will engage in recreational activities involving marijuana. Drug dealers will no longer make as much profit due to the fact that anyone can potentially sell marijuana. With a larger supply, the prices from the once exclusive drug market will drop drastically resulting in a price much closer to the cost of production.With marijuana being legal, there will be government run distributers who will, based on basic supply and demand modules, offer the drug at a much lower base price. However, because marijuana will be closely regulated much like tobacco and alcohol, the taxes from licensing and distribution will drive the tot up purchase price up and revenue will rival that of current day drug dealers. When transferring the profit once enjoyed by drug dealers to the U.S. government in the form of taxes and distribution costs, and leaving transportation and marketing issues behind, the government would end up with revenue of $7 per .5 grams of marijuana, (Moffatt, 2012) With the collection of tax on each marijuana cigarette and again leaving transportation and marketing issues behind, this adds up to over a $2 billion profit, (Moffatt, 2012).Without the legalization of marijuana, the street price of marijuana will stay the same because there is a very limited and risky to purchase supply. The distributors or drug dealers enjoy a relatively stable spirit demanded because of this unchanging price. Now that marijuana has been legalized, the demand will increase due to the fact that consumers no longer have a risk in buying marijuana. Looking at a supply demand curve, Figure 1 shows the effect that legalizing marijuana would have. With the demand curve increasing in order to stay with equilibrium, the price equilibrium would increase.Figure 1 Effect of Legalizing MarijuanaAlthough legalizing marijuana has great potential of increasing tax revenue, a sense of morality is likely to appear due to the perceived nega tive effect of health throughout the population. With this in mind the government can either decrease consumption by raising taxes or increase it by dropping taxes. Figure 2 shows the effect if taxes are increased and consumption of marijuana is decreased.Figure 2 Increase in Marijuana TaxAs shown by the graph, if marijuana taxes are increased, the supply curve would shift to the left. The quantity supplied would decrease from Q*1 to Q*2. This shift in supply changes the equilibrium from E1 to E2 and the price is increased from P*1 to P*2. Increasing taxes too much can have a negative effect because if taxes get too high marijuana growers will want to sell in the black market to avoid the high taxes.In addition to law enforcement expenses and forgone profit, another aspect that illegal marijuana hinders is the emergence of a new industry and job opportunities across America. With the legalization of marijuana comes a plethora of line of achievement options and job opportunities. Al so, those who were previously victims of incarceration from the distribution of cannabis can now possibly start a legal profitable business. One such business that has already taken off is the medical marijuana industry. According to Quentin Fottrell from Market Watch, the medical marijuana industry is, estimated to be worth about $1.7 billion as of 2011, (Fottrell, 2012). In Colorado alone, sales topped $181 million in 2010, and the business employed 4,200 state-licensed workers, (Fottrell, 2012).The new marijuana industry spans from medical producers, to agricultural-equipment firms, dispensaries, vaporizers, and even edible goods. Producers are now able to ship the drugs out to the customers, as drug trafficking is no longer be illegal. This is one of the many ways new jobs are being created.The marijuana industry will also raise our Gross Domestic Product because it can be grown and sold here in the USA. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Illicit drugs a ccounted for 1% of the worlds GDP, (Whitaker, 2009). One percent doesnt sound like much at all, but this 1% is higher than 88% of all countries GDPs in the world (Whitaker, 2009). People participating in the marijuana industry would not only have a stable source of income, but also a legal source that would be taxed.From the consumers perspective, the legalization of marijuana could mean lower prices. Since there will be countless ways for get legal marijuana, more competition will arise which will result in decreased prices for the consumer. Consumers will no longer have to pay such a high price resulting in an increase in their available funds that they can invest, putting money directly back into the economy.The newly legalized marijuana market also creates investment opportunities. Medbox (OTNMDBX) has an OTC stock with a $45 million market cap, (Fottrell, 2012). Medical Marijuana (OTNMJNA), has an OTC stock with a $69 million market cap, (Fottrell, 2012). And Cannabis Science in Colorado Springs, Colo. (OTNCBIS), has an OTC stock with a $41 million market cap, (Fottrell, 2012). These new investment opportunities embolden investors to feed into the economy and stimulate the free market. As old products are losing ground, this new market is rapidly gaining appeal and helping the economy every step of the way.In conclusion, the legalization of marijuana brings up an interesting opportunity for the government. If they become the suppliers of the good, they can produce on the true supply or marginal cost curve and then replace the cost of arresting and fighting dealers with marijuana revenue. A great deal of tax payer money goes into catching those who buy or sell illegal drugs on the black market, prosecuting them in court, and housing them in jail. These costs seem particularly exorbitant when dealing with the drug marijuana, as it is widely used, and is likely no more harmful than currently legal drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. When looking at marijuan as effect on the economy as a whole, the positive and lucrative impact cannot be ignored. From the creation of new job opportunities, to the abundant new supply of revenue, and even the savings incurred from removing prohibition, it is get to that the economic impact created by the legalization of marijuana is beneficial to us all.

Mental Health Issues in Parents: Service Provisions

cordial Health Issues in P bents Service ProvisionsProvide a deprecative valuation of current methods of working(a) and go user commissariat in the bea of parents with a rational vigorousness problem, drawing upon developing knowledge and research.IntroductionIn this thesis we discuss the role of parenting, the responsibilities that are affect and the issues of cordial wellness problems in parents. We draw upon existing knowledge and research to understand kind health problems and psychological complications of parents and discuss health and accessible policies that are related to current methods of working for much(prenominal) parents within loving work. Several research studies, legislative reports and health policies are discussed and we provide a critical evaluation of the supply, current research materials available and issues regarding mental health and psychological problems of parents and table emolument user provisions.In 1998, the De classifyment of Hea lth emphasised on the programme of Modernising kind Health Services, with three key aimsSafe services to protect the public and provide effective accusation for those with mental threateningness at the time they extremity itSound services to ensure that patients and service users throw away access to the full range of services which they pauperismSupportive services working with patients and service users, their families and cathexisrs to realize healthier communities. (See DoH, 1998)Service User Provisions and Mental Health Studies and ApproachesAmong the service provisions available to parents with mental health needs, the programme of the National Service Frameworks (NSF) is part of the Government suppuratenda to improve quality and reduce any unacceptable variations in health and social services National Service Frameworks by the part of Health, cover mental health issues and coronary disease the signifi undersurfacet reasons for causing disability and bedridden h ealth among the adult population in UK. The NSF frameworks address the mental health needs of working age adults and parents and set out the national standards of disquiet and support, the national service models, local action, and national underpinning programmes for slaying and a serial publication of national milestones and performance indicators to measure progress in this sector. National health standards are set out in five areas including mental health promotion primary bid and access to services effective services for raft with severe mental illness carers of hatful with mental health problems and reduction of suicides. This applies to tackling mental health problems in parents and provisions for access to care.The National Service Framework for mental health concentrates on the mental health needs of working age adults up to 65, and covers health promotion, assessment and diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and care, and in like manner encompasses primary and special ist care for these individuals. Adult Placement schemes are available for these individuals who are provided with carers, supported living, firm base care and day services and extended family support from the NHS and NIMHE. Mental Health crisis intervention services with rehabilitation, counselling and psychotherapy are too provided by the Health authorities.Several studies discuss the process and value of working with parents when their kid or infantren are being treated with individual psychotherapy (see Robinson et al, 2005). A psychoanalytic understanding of the parents perspectives in seeing a mentally ill child and the psychological problems of the parents themselves are considered. The issues discussed have a broader applicability in other aspects and approaches of child and adolescent mental health figure (Zubrick et al, 2005). The central issues are interweaving the knowledge of family processes, child ontogeny and psychopathology and the uses of the understanding o f transference and counter transference as psychoanalytic concepts. The aspects of the work which constitute child guidance are considered psychotherapeutic as it relates to parental psychopathology. To explore and define the boundaries between psychological process of child and parents, the psychotherapy of parenthood may be analysed and implications of parental psychotherapy can be considered along with childrens problems and issues.Flouri (2005) reviews the evidence of the role of childhood adversities, family structure and issues of parenting in find out youthfulness suicidal behaviour and Flouri emphasises that suicide research could benefit from investigating whether proper parenting can protect suicidal behaviour in young people who are vulnerable and at risks. The operationalization of non optimal parenting has often been considered as a risk factor for adolescent suicidal behaviour and influencing and identifying pathways of influence has been a major(ip) target. The meas ures of reducing suicidal risks in the vulnerable populations as well as tend to focus on parents with weak material and social resources, mental health problems and few networks, down in the mouth social and emotional support, and high-risk children. The identification of causative factors relating parent mental condition an parental status might be beneficial in preventing youth suicidal behaviours as measures could be taken from a broad social perspective.Citing one of the case studies, Derisley et al (2005) have attempted psychotherapy of parenthood and have utilize a learning to compare mental health, coping and family functioning in parents of young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, and no cognize mental health problems. For the methods, 28 parents of young people with OCD, anxiety disorders (N = 28), and no known mental health problems (N = 62), the three different categories of people, all completed skeleton Symptom Inventory (Derogati s, 1993), the Coping Responses Inventory (Moos, 1990), and the McMaster family assessment device (Epstein, Baldwin, Bishop, 1983). The results indicated that parents of children with OCD and anxiety disorders had poorer mental health and used more than avoidant coping methods than parents of non-clinical and mentally stable children. The results also indicated that there were no significant group differences a measured in three groups in family-functioning. This suggested that there are basic similarities across parents of clinically referred children and vigorous parental involvement in the treatment of OCD in young people can actually trigger or facilitate the cure and treatment of such young people.Research shows that Black and Minority communities are more likely to suffer from inequalities in access to mental health services, they also report inequalities in their experience of services for mental health care, and they also tend to have more problems and complaints with the outcome of these services. For instance, the department of Health points out those BME patients are significantly more likely to be detained compulsorily or diagnosed with schizophrenia in mental health situations. The mental health scenario and care provided to minority communities have a go impact on anti oppressive and anti discriminatory practice. The Department of Health, and the NHS is developing a comprehensive programme of work to tackle inequalities of service provisions to mentally ill patients.In the area of service user provisions for mental health care and support, with an aim to promote anti discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices, the Department of health has identified a strategy for improving mental health services for black and minority ethnic communities in England. Community development workers or social workers are appointed to enhance the capacity within minority ethnic groups, especially adults and parents in dealing with the burden of mental ill health and tackling the inequalities inherent in the services provided. These Community Development Workers contri neverthelesse to (source NIMHE, 2005)Seeking out the strengths and capabilities within particular communities around mental health and the resources available to individuals distraint from mental illnessEnabling mental health organisations to bridge the gap between Western models of care and the values and norms of the confederation they serveSupporting community groups and networks, directing them to resources that are available and funding as appropriateFacilitating community participation and ownership of parents/adults in mental health provision and in combating health inequalities.For provisions of quality services, improved partnership/collaborative work between the NHS, local authorities, prisons, residential homes and the probation services are also required for service development and the care of service users, especially for individuals with severe mental illness. In a convey by Hart et al (2005), the implications of user involvement are analyze that address the views of clients and their parents on service user delivery in a specialist barbarian and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) serving a population of 250,000.the survey explores the complexities inherent in childrens services when parents are integral or involved significantly to different modes of treatment. In the fill concerned, 27 teen clients, 11 boys and 16 girls were recruited from CAMHS and 30 parents were also consulted and they were all from different socioeconomic backgrounds. A series of structured interactive techniques were used by focus groups who also conducted home visits to get interview data. the data was then subject to qualitative analysis and descriptive statistics were generated from interview data and focus groups information. From these data the three issues that were used to describe service user provisions are the core values implicated in establis hing a therapeutic alliance, the style of therapy, and mode of practice with the inclusion body of family members. Style of therapy and core therapeutic skills of service providers have been given fundamental importance and Hart et al provided a model of organisational user involvement with a model of therapeutic user involvement for use in negotiating modes of practice with the service user especially in case of mental health practice. The study was thus collaboration between service users, health professionals and researchers and explored different themes of therapy and complexities inherent in childrens services as well as role of parents in mental health care. In fact provisions of parent led self help group and therapeutic approaches are important for achievement of attuned practice.The skills of staff working in adult mental health and child welfare, those that benefit mentally ill parents and their children are recognised by effective collaboration and development of co-ordi nated service provision. Health services and local authority staff, as well as workers in education and the voluntary sectors are required to understand the necessities of service provisions. This involves, radix knowledge, working together and assessment, planning and intervention for mental health care.The attitude of service providers is important and a study by Rasaratnam et al (2004) investigates the influence of attitudes of carers of people with intellectual disability (ID) towards giving music. In the study 93 carers of service users who were attending an outpatients clinic (Harrow Learning Disability service) were interviewed, and the ratings scale used for measures was the RAMS (Rating of Attitude to medical specialty Scale) interview schedule. The results indicated a single association between relationships of the carer to the service user and overall positive or negative attitude towards medical specialty was also studied. The study found that a disproportionate numb er of parents have expressed negative attitude in comparison with professional carers (46% vs. 11%) towards medication. the study suggests that standards of compliance with medication needs to be emphasised and researched on especially in case of family carers of mental health problems. Psychiatric disorders seem to have a stigma associated and providing medication for mental illness is still considered unacceptable. The family carers attitude to mental health problems and general mental illness may be shaped by such social and psychological factors. All these issues seem to be important in determining the kind of medication a psychiatric patient should have.In a study by Evans et al (1994), the All-Wales Mental Handicap Strategy (AWS) has promised not just governmental leadership and emphasis on the area of mental health service provisions but also availability of resources for developing community based residential, domiciliary, respite, day-care and professional services for peop le with mental handicaps and their families. Thus the strategy aims at providing the scoop for mentally ill people to experience community life. For the study a sample of people with mental handicaps was used to track changes in mental health services received, in professional input, the number of community activities pursued, and the size and range of individuals social networks and involvement in individual planning and the impact of health care strategies. There was a decrease in the proportion of patients living with parents and an increase in those living independently or in another family situation although offstage residence and serviced residence were both equally used for living purposes. Residential service associated with care facilities were also noted and there was marked preference for family based care. Family support services in the form of family aides and short-term care increased significantly, and day service also diversified. The health strategy as followed by the AWS seems to have brought individuals with mental health problems in greater contact with other members of the community although there was no difference in people friendship networks or extent and nature of associations. Yet the service provisions an family and user experiences were found to be in accordance with the direction and goals set by the AWS yet changes are still required and the a new patterns of services have been identified as necessary. The authors point out at the end of the analysis that the mental handicaps do conform to the guiding principles of AWS health strategy and its implications can be significant.If this study is extrapolated to understand the dynamics of the working and provisions for the service user in the contemporaneous mental health scenario, we can learn several lessons and identify several new provisions that may work with mentally ill patients. Providing a well integrated community network and service provisions at home as well as making res ources available to the mentally ill patients any in their residential places or in the community or even at health and clinical settings could be major priorities of any health care strategy. The AWS strategy can thus be a blueprint or a primer for further modern health strategies and provides us with an opportunity for critical appraisal of service provisions that can be made available to mentally ill individuals in need of special care and support.There are however several issues that need to be considered as important in a critical evaluation of service user provisions for mentally ill patients.One of these issues involves improvement of the quality of information about clients referred to a community mental health team for referral purposes. For improved services to clients, improved information is also necessary and new ways of devising this quick availability of information should be encouraged.The second recommendation for improving service provisions involves following cli nical guidelines. Michie and Lester (2005) determine whether writing or written clinical guideline recommendations in behaviourally specified plain English language can increase the likelihood of their implementation by service users or the patients. Following clinical guidelines, medication or therapy procedures is an important aspect of treatment and improvement of service user provisions can be made by stronger emphasis and written specification of approved and recommended guidelines. A evaluation of behavioural outcome and the inclination of following these guidelines should also be studied.Using and providing specialist service as in specialist educational intervention for acute inpatient mental health nursing staff and service user views in this regard have been studied. Richards et al (2005) evaluated the impact of an innovative 18-day educational intervention for acute ward-based mental healthcare nursing staff on reported quality of nursing care and on service user views of care using the educational intervention. The quality of inpatient mental health care for people with acute psychiatric problems has remained questionable and several studies have suggested that specialist educational courses and nursing interventions are needed to improve these services.An integration of health and social service care provisions and also day care for mental health patients have been emphasised considering social networks and care needs of the users. Increasing integration of health care and social services requires understanding the difference between health service day hospitals and social service day centres. A study by Catty et al (2005) has suggested that day centre clients had much larger social networks, including a three-fold difference in total contacts and two-fold difference in confidants, but had more needs for care, particularly relating to psychological distress.Our final recommendation for service user care for mental health patients and parents in a mentally ill home ambience is greater involvement of service users in mental health service planning and evaluation. Thornicroft and Tansella (2005) emphasise that service user involvement in the planning and provision of mental health services has been growing in recent years especially in areas where institutional service provision has been changed to a more community-orientated model of care. Recent studies have shown that during mental health crises, joint crisis plans by health providers and service users can significantly reduce the use of required admission during crises.ConclusionIn this essay we provided a critical analysis of the provisions and policies provided by social services and health care services and evaluated the need for certain practices in providing quality service to service users with mental health needs.BibliographyCatty J, Goddard K, Burns T.Social services and health services day care in mental health the social networks and care needs of their users. In t J Soc Psychiatry. 2005 Mar51(1)23-34.Chamberlin J.User/consumer involvement in mental health service delivery. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2005 Jan-Mar14(1)10-4.Derisley J, Libby S, Clark S, Reynolds S.Mental health, coping and family-functioning in parents of young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and with anxiety disorders. Br J Clin Psychol. 2005 Sep44(Pt 3)439-44.Evans G, Todd S, Beyer S, Felce D, Perry J.Assessing the impact of the All-Wales Mental Handicap Strategy a survey of four districts. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1994 Apr38 ( Pt 2)109-33.Flouri E.Psychological and sociological aspects of parenting and their relation to suicidal behavior. Arch Suicide Res. 20059(4)373-83.Hart A, Saunders A, Thomas H.Attuned practice a service user study of specialist child and adolescent mental health, UK. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2005 Jan-Mar14(1)22-31.Jones A, Jones M.Mental health nurse prescribing issues for the UK. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2005 Oct12(5)527-35.Michie S, Les ter K.Words motion increasing the implementation of clinical guidelines. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005 Oct14(5)367-70.Minogue V, Boness J, Brown A, Girdlestone J.The impact of service user involvement in research. Int J Health Care Qual Assur Inc Leadersh Health Serv. 200518(2-3)103-12.Reid D, Glascott G, woodland D.Improving referral information in community mental health. Nurs Times. 2005 Oct 18-24101(42)34-5.Robinson AD, Kruzich JM, Friesen BJ, Jivanjee P, Pullmann MD.Preserving Family Bonds Examining Parent Perspectives in the Light of Practice Standards for Out-of-Home Treatment. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2005 Oct75(4)632-43.Rea DM.Changing practice involving mental health service users in planning service provision. Soc Work Health Care. 200439(3-4)325-42.Rasaratnam R, Crouch K, Regan A.Attitude to medication of parents/primary carers of people with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2004 Nov48(Pt 8)754-63.Richards D, Bee P, Loftus S, bread maker J, Bailey L, Lovell K .Specialist educational intervention for acute inpatient mental health nursing staff service user views and effects on nursing quality. J Adv Nurs. 2005 Sep51(6)634-44.Thornicroft G, Tansella M.Growing recognition of the importance of service user involvement in mental health service planning and evaluation. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2005 Jan-Mar14(1)1-3.Zubrick SR, Ward KA, Silburn SR, Lawrence D, Williams AA, Blair E, Robertson D, Sanders MR.Prevention of Child Behavior Problems Through Universal Implementation of a Group Behavioral Family Intervention. Prev Sci. 2005 Sep 141-18For Department of Health publications, see Mental health component DoHwww.dh.gov.ukhttp//www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/HealthAndSocialCareTopics/MentalHealth/fs/enalso see NIMHE website, for role of Community Development workers.http//www.nimhe.org.uk/

An Open Minded Woman Rooted in Indian Tradition :: Interview Essays

An Open Minded Woman Rooted in Indian TraditionI dont mind if my parents try to find a boy for me. Arranged marriages are still a common thing in my family. I dont know what my parents give say if I have a boyfriend here and he is from another country. I am sure that they will not adamantly abjure it, but they maybe disappointed.What a surprise for me that in the year 2000, there are some people who still undergo arranged marriages. I am thinking that it must be awkward for me to do it, but it is not for Preeti. Preeti Kela, a freshman student at State College, was born and raised in the crowded city of Calcutta. Her long, black, and wavy hair, her caramel skin color, her black eyes, and her facial features make it obvious to others that she is Indian. Her family came from Rajashtan, one of the states in India. It is true that for her family, arranged marriages are not something new. Her older sister went through one last summer. Moreover, Preeti does not mind this usance as long as her parents give her enough time to survive to know the man and feel comfortable with him, and she can decide on her own whether or not to marry him. Although she seems quiet and shy, Preeti is not a closed-minded woman and she always expresses her opinion. She is open to new ideas and different cultures. She went to a British Catholic school from the very beginning of her education. She had to learn everything using English. It shows that Preeti opens to new things since her childhood. If she agrees with the tradition of arranged marriage, it does not necessarily mean she just does whatever it says. She told me that once she argued with her mom about the way they pray. Her mom, who is a conservative Hindu, required her to pray in front the idols, read the mantra, and does meditation in the big temple or her family shrine. Preeti likes to pray in her room by herself. For her, it is not necessary to pray in a specific place and read the mantra every time she prays, and it does n ot need to be in front of the idols.

Essay --

IntroductionThe United Arab Emirates has been a member of several regional organizations with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) being a prominent example. This paper testament provide a description of the participation of the United Arab Emirates in the GCC as well as a summary of its history. The purposes and specific goals that the UAE had when joining the GCC will be highlighted in addition to discussing the resulting contributions to its economy. The conveyd goals and purposes of joining the GCC will then be used to furbish up whether the initiative to join the regional body has been a success or a failure. The paper will conclude with an attempt to find out if the GCC will be important to the future development of the United Arab Emirates.Description and HistoryThe United Arab Emirates has been a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council since it was founded on 25th May 1981. some other founding members include the State of Bahrain, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, State of Qatar, Sul tanate of Oman, and the State of Kuwait (Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, 2012). A framework for the body was agreed upon during a meeting of heads of state in Abu Dhabi and it was a product of previous planning as well as an embodiment of social, cultural, and historical reality. Another reason that led to the formation of this regional body was the kinship that existed among the citizens of these six states as well as the religious and cultural ties (Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, 2012). In addition to these historical similarities, the founding states excessively faced the equal challenges such as security and economic development. It is therefore correct to state that the GCC was formed as a result of the historical realities... ... got from the GCC states in 2012. However, the UAE needs to channelize its approach to the GCC especially when it comes to the creation of a common currency. According to Takagi (2012), the GCC states hav e practically used a common currency over the past decades owe to the fact that five of the countries have pegged the value of their currencies to the US dollar. Kuwait is the only country that floated its currency however, the value its currency has remained stable with respect to the dollar. My recommendation to the UAE is for it to sprain willing to compromise and accept the formation of the GCC monetary union in order to ensure that it continues to benefit from the regional body. The decision to compromise might also lead to increased cooperation between the six states meaning that the initial goals and objectives of the Gulf Cooperation Council can be achieved.